La notion d'a priori chez Descartes et les philosophes médiévaux

Les Etudes Philosophiques 75 (4):433 (2005)
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Abstract

Cet article essaie de démontrer que le discours cartésien sur l’a priori est tributaire de la tradition philosophique antérieure et en particulier de la tradition médiévale. Selon cette dernière, l’expression a priori est strictement liée à un certain type de démonstration. Cette interprétation n’est pas contredite par les emplois que Descartes fait de l’expression a priori dans le traitement de deux thèmes clés de son œuvre : ses remarques sur l’ordre des raisons dans ses Méditations et sa présentation d’une des preuves de l’existence de Dieu comme preuve a priori. Au contraire, le sens de ses remarques méthodologiques et le caractère particulier d’un tel type de démonstration se comprennent mieux si l’on envisage l’usage de l’expression a priori dans la perspective de la philosophie médiévale.This article intends to show that Descartes’s discourse on the a priori is heavily influenced by the preceding philosophical tradition and in particular by the medieval tradition. According to the latter, the expression a priori is strictly confined to characterizing a certain kind of demonstration. This interpretation is not challenged by the way in which Descartes uses the expression a priori in treating two central themes of his work : i.e. by his remarks regarding the order of reasons in the Meditations and by his presentation of one of the proofs for the existence of God as an a priori proof. On the contrary, the meaning of his methodological remarks and the peculiar character of this type of proof become clearer if we look at the use of the expression a priori from the perspective of medieval philosophy

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Martin Pickavé
University of Toronto, St. George Campus

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