Abstract

As an explanation for order and long range correlations in living systems, Fröhlich (1968; 1970; 1975) proposed certain biomolecules pumped by metabolic processes could exhibit coherent phonon dynamics, perhaps even macroscopic quantum coherence akin to Bose Einstein condensation or lasers. The biomolecular requirements, according to Fröhlich, were: 1) a geometric array or lattice of dipoles constrained in a common voltage gradient, and 2) ample, non coherent biochemical energy. Eligible proposed candidates included membrane proteins, nucleic acids and cytoskeletal microtubules