Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes

British Journal for the History of Science 6 (4):400-423 (1973)
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Abstract

Two imposing related problems confronted the chemical spectroscopist of the late nineteenth century. First, he lacked a criterion for judging the validity of claims for elemental discoveries; indeed, he possessed no satisfactory operational definition of the chemical element. Secondly, he felt the need for correlating the spectra of the elements to a conception of their ultimate constitution

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Nineteenth-Century Speculations on the Complexity of the Chemical Elements.W. V. Farrar - 1965 - British Journal for the History of Science 2 (4):297-323.

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