Abstract

Let’s start with three cases of refusal of treatment.[A] 24-year old graduate student is brought to the emergency room by a friend. Previously in good health, he is complaining of a severe headache and stiff neck. Physical examination shows a somnolent patient without focal neurologic signs but with a temperature of 39.5 degrees centigrade and nuchal rigidity. Examination of spinal fluid reveals cloudy fluid with a white blood cell count of 2000; Gram stain of the fluid shows many Gram-positive diplococcic. A diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is reached, and administration of antibiotics is recommended.... When [the patient] was told his diagnosis and that he would be admitted to the hospital for treatment...