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  1. Placebo: Its action and place in health research today* — summary and conclusions.Raymond E. Spier - 2004 - Science and Engineering Ethics 10 (1):189-197.
    The material presented at this conference pointed to a new dimension in the prosecution of activities that seek to relieve people of disease. While the simple instrument of the placebo may show those interested in the efficacy of physiologically active chemicals the extent to which the chemical of interest is actually active, the surprising outcome of such studies is that the placebo per se is worthy of more general study. This, when taken further, points to the ways in which mind (...)
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  • A Normative Justification for Distinguishing the Ethics of Clinical Research from the Ethics of Medical Care.Paul Litton & Franklin G. Miller - 2005 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 33 (Fall 2005):566-74.
    In the research ethics literature, there is strong disagreement about the ethical acceptability of placebo-controlled trials, particularly when a tested therapy aims to alleviate a condition for which standard treatment exists. Recently, this disagreement has given rise to debate over the moral appropriateness of the principle of clinical equipoise for medical research. Underlying these debates are two fundamentally different visions of the moral obligations that investigators owe their subjects.Some commentators and ethics documents claim that physicians, whether acting as care givers (...)
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  • A Normative Justification for Distinguishing the Ethics of Clinical Research from the Ethics of Medical Care.Paul Litton & Franklin G. Miller - 2005 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 33 (3):566-574.
    In the research ethics literature, there is strong disagreement about the ethical acceptability of placebo-controlled trials, particularly when a tested therapy aims to alleviate a condition for which standard treatment exists. Recently, this disagreement has given rise to debate over the moral appropriateness of the principle of clinical equipoise for medical research. Underlying these debates are two fundamentally different visions of the moral obligations that investigators owe their subjects.Some commentators and ethics documents claim that physicians, whether acting as care givers (...)
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