ABSTRACT This article outlines the concept of the early modern idea of religion through the notion of sacrifice, from Socinus on through Grotius and Spinoza to Diderot’s Encyclopedia. It is generally held that the philosophical representation of religion of the seventeenth century ‘set the stage’ for later Enlightenment philosophers. My argument runs in a different direction. I intend to show that the Enlightenment philosophers’ concept of religious history stemmed not only from the philosophical tradition, but also from their knowledge of (...) antiquarianism. In order to understand the genealogy of the Enlightenment idea of religion it is essential to acknowledge its roots in the antiquarian history of religions of the seventeenth century when a new idea of religious belief emerged with practice of sacrifice at its core. Grotius and the antiquarians inquired into whether religion was a universal phenomenon, what were its categories – such as belief and sacrifice – and the truth and falsehood of these. Diderot considered this history of sacrifice and ceremonies as the fundamental ‘deed’ of the religious experience, which he analysed employing both the philosophical and the historical perspectives through the category of fetishism. (shrink)

La mythologie ainsi que les traditions hermétiques, orphiques et théurgiques semblent à première vue relever du domaine de la religion grecque. Mais nous les voyons tenues à l’écart, jusqu’au xixe siècle, des recherches concernant les cultes et les pratiques rituelles des cités grecques. Ces derniers entraient dans la catégorie générale de « paganisme antique » et l’on ne distinguait pas, en sa spécificité, ce qui serait une religion grecque. La première monographie systématique, celle de Johann Gottfried Lakemacher (1734), est réservée (...) aux érudits antiquisants. Une réelle originalité religieuse de la Grèce n’est pas reconnue avant la fin du xviiie siècle. La « religion grecque », sous sa forme essentialisée, est une invention romantique. (shrink)