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  1. Probabilistic Justification Logic.Joseph Lurie - 2018 - Philosophies 3 (1):2.
    Justification logics are constructive analogues of modal logics. They are often used as epistemic logics, particularly as models of evidentialist justification. However, in this role, justification (and modal) logics are defective insofar as they represent justification with a necessity-like operator, whereas actual evidentialist justification is usually probabilistic. This paper first examines and rejects extant candidates for solving this problem: Milnikel’s Logic of Uncertain Justifications, Ghari’s Hájek–Pavelka-Style Justification Logics and a version of probabilistic justification logic developed by Kokkinis et al. It (...)
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  • Fuzzy Logic and Higher-Order Vagueness.Nicholas J. J. Smith - 2011 - In Petr Cintula, Chris Fermüller, Lluis Godo & Petr Hájek (eds.), Logical Models of Reasoning with Vague Information. pp. 1--19.
    The major reason given in the philosophical literature for dissatisfaction with theories of vagueness based on fuzzy logic is that such theories give rise to a problem of higherorder vagueness or artificial precision. In this paper I first outline the problem and survey suggested solutions: fuzzy epistemicism; measuring truth on an ordinal scale; logic as modelling; fuzzy metalanguages; blurry sets; and fuzzy plurivaluationism. I then argue that in order to decide upon a solution, we need to understand the true nature (...)
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  • The Problem of Artificial Precision in Theories of Vagueness: A Note on the Rôle of Maximal Consistency.Vincenzo Marra - 2014 - Erkenntnis 79 (5):1015-1026.
    The problem of artificial precision is a major objection to any theory of vagueness based on real numbers as degrees of truth. Suppose you are willing to admit that, under sufficiently specified circumstances, a predication of “is red” receives a unique, exact number from the real unit interval [0, 1]. You should then be committed to explain what is it that determines that value, settling for instance that my coat is red to degree 0.322 rather than 0.321. In this note (...)
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  • Dialogue Games for Many-Valued Logics — an Overview.C. G. Fermüller - 2008 - Studia Logica 90 (1):43-68.
    An overview of different versions and applications of Lorenzen’s dialogue game approach to the foundations of logic, here largely restricted to the realm of manyvalued logics, is presented. Among the reviewed concepts and results are Giles’s characterization of Łukasiewicz logic and some of its generalizations to other fuzzy logics, including interval based logics, a parallel version of Lorenzen’s game for intuitionistic logic that is adequate for finite- and infinite-valued Gödel logics, and a truth comparison game for infinite-valued Gödel logic.
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