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Summary

Xenophon of Athens was a contemporary of Plato and a fellow student of Socrates. His writings span a range of genres but those with a greater philosophical focus provide important evidence for the development of Socratic ethics in the first half of the fourth century BCE, and perhaps also for the wider thought of the historical Socrates. While Xenophon’s ethical thought (mostly found in his Socratic dialogues, the Memorabilia) was highly valued during the early modern period, his philosophical acuity was questioned in the twentieth century. However, political philosophers in the Straussian tradition have asserted his importance, seeing important political lessons on autocracy in his Cyropaedia and Hiero, and on leadership in his Anabasis, his historical works (HellenicaAgesilaus), and various minor works of military instruction. Xenophon’s Symposium and Oeconomicus provide playful views of Athenian gender norms, while his Apology gives an honest appraisal of Socrates’ impact on his fellow citizens.

Key works Edited volumes surveying Xenophon’s work include Tuplin & Azoulay 2004Martínez et al 2008Tuplin & Hobden 2012Danzig et al 2018, and Mársico & Rossi Nunes Lopes 2023. The most detailed edition (Greek text and French translation) and commentary on the key Socratic work, the Memorabilia, is Bandini & Dorion 2000Pangle 2018 gives a Straussian interpretation, building on Strauss 1970. On Xenophon’s social philosophy (Oeconomicus) see #POMOAS (with Pangle 2018). On his political thought Strauss 2013 (on the Hiero) and Christ 2020 offer distinctive perspectives. 
Introductions

The recent re-evaluation of Xenophon has seen a flurry of publications. Introductions include Atack 2024, Hobden 2020, and to the Socratic works Johnson 2021. Useful edited collections surveying Xenophon’s work include Flower 2012 and (with an explicitly philosophical focus) Mársico & Rossi Nunes Lopes 2023

Hobden 2023
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  1. “Sparta in Greek political thought: Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch,”.Thornton C. Lockwood - manuscript
    Classical Sparta is an enigma in many ways, but for ancient and contemporary political theorists it is especially intriguing insofar as its politeia (or its educational/political/social system or “constitution”) produced a city-state that was both the hegemon of all other Greek city-states, for instance during the 5th century Persians wars, but was also ignobly defeated by Thebes at the battle of Leuctra in 371, slightly more than a century later, after which its hegemony collapsed and its subject population of helots (...)
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  2. An English commentary on the anabasis - huitink, Rood xenophon: Anabasis book III. Pp. XVI + 219, ill., Maps. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2019. Paper, £22.99, us$29.99 . Isbn: 978-1-107-43743-2. [REVIEW]Jan Haywood - forthcoming - The Classical Review:1-2.
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  3. Xenophon.Carol Atack - 2024 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Introduction to Xenophon's work and overview of his philosophy. _Greece and Rome_ New Surveys in the Classics Vol 48.
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  4. “By Zeus,” said Theodote: women as interlocutors and performers in Xenophon’s philosophical writing.Carol Atack - 2024 - In Sara Brill & Catherine McKeen (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Women and Ancient Greek Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 118-134.
    In settings ranging from an Athenian home to a Persian palace, Xenophon shows women engaging in dialogue and asserting a distinctive perspective that comments on their own position in society. It also illuminates their experience of being the objects of the male gaze and restricted in their social interactions. In using women such as Theodote, an Athenian courtesan (Memorabilia) and Pantheia, a non-Greek queen (Cyropaedia) to represent ethical positions and virtue itself, Xenophon both draws on and contests the Greek literary (...)
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  5. Athens/Sparta bipolarity in Xenophon’s Hellenika.Cinzia Bearzot - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).
    The article traces the reflections found in the Hellenika on the theme of Athens/Sparta bipolarity, with the intention of illustrating Xenophon's interest in this international arrangement of the Greek world and of emphasizing its repercussions in Xenophon’s historiographical project.
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  6. (1 other version)The Routledge Handbook of Women and Ancient Greek Philosophy.Sara Brill & Catherine McKeen (eds.) - 2024 - Routledge.
    The Routledge Handbook of Women and Ancient Greek Philosophy is an essential reference source for cutting-edge scholarship on women, gender, and philosophy in Greek antiquity. The volume features original research that crosses disciplines, offering readers an accessible guide to new methods, new sources, and new questions in the study of ancient Greek philosophy and its multiple afterlives. Comprising 40 chapters from a diverse international group of experts, the Handbook considers questions about women and gender in sources from Greek antiquity spanning (...)
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  7. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.John Dillery - 2024 - Hermes 152 (4):387-408.
    The Cyropaedia is a notoriously difficult text to identify in terms of generic affiliation. This paper examines the distribution of reported speech to narrative and finds that the only comparable texts that demonstrate the same preference for dialogue are philosophical ones, esp. Plato. The introduction to the Cyr. is also examined, and certain key terms explored, in particular διήγησις/διηγέομαι, for clues as to the type of narrative that is being launched. Finally, other texts and narrative traditions that seem to be (...)
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  8. Did Socrates intend to commit suicide? A rereading of the defense of Socrates in Xenophon's Apology.Louis-André Dorion - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).
    In recent years, several commentators have argued that Socrates, at the time of his trial, intended to die, and that he therefore used megalêgoria ("boasting") to provoke his judges into condemning him to death. Contrary to this reading of the Apology, I shall endeavor to show that Socrates actually defends himself during his trial, and that the intention behind his choice of megalêgoria is not to provoke his judges into condemning him to death.
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  9. On economic rationality in Xenophon’s Economics.Etienne Helmer - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).
    El _Económico_ de Jenofonte es un escrito controvertido. Algunos lectores lo consideran un texto carente de toda racionalidad en el ámbito económico, mientras que otros detectan en él una racionalidad precapitalista basada en la búsqueda de la maximización de la utilidad. Este artículo plantea la hipótesis de una tercera vía: el objeto del _Económico_ de Jenofonte es reflexionar sobre cómo las prácticas económicas ponen en juego, por un lado, una racionalidad instrumental que implica procedimientos de elección que comparan riesgos y (...)
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  10. (1 other version)The Bloomsbury Handbook of Socrates (2nd edition).Russell E. Jones, Ravi Sharma & Nicholas D. Smith (eds.) - 2024 - Bloomsbury Handbooks.
    This handbook provides detailed philosophical analysis of the life and thought of Socrates across fifteen in-depth chapters. Each chapter engages with a central aspect of the rich tradition of Socratic studies and, after surveying the state of scholarship, points the way forward to new directions of interpretation. A leading team of scholars present dynamic readings of Socrates, extracted from the historical context of Plato's dialogues, covering elenchus, irony, ignorance, definitions, pedagogy, friendship, politics and the daemon. Building on these core Socratic (...)
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  11. À propos de la pensée économique pré-aristotélicienne en général et de celle de Platon en particulier.David Lévystone - 2024 - ΠΗΓΗ / FONS 7:21-47.
    One usually considers that pre-Aristotelian thought had little interest in economic problems. In reality, various authors from the end of the 5th or beginning of the 4th century BC (Ps.-Xenophon, Plato, Xenophon, Phaleas of Chalcedon) paid particular attention to these questions when they developed their political thought. Although their ideas differ in detail, they all share the same distrust of trade and monetary economy. These thinkers develop, from a certain number of (aristocratic) political presuppositions, a strong and detailed critique of (...)
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  12. A Reading on Xenophon’s Hiero (2.8-16; 6.7-10): Citizens and War in the Tyrant’s Discourse.Elisabetta Poddighe - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).
    Este ensayo se centra en el papel que desempeña el tema de la guerra librada por los ciudadanos en el lamento del tirano Hiero por su perdida condición de ciudadano. Al invocar el compromiso militar que los ciudadanos ofrecen a la ciudad cuando ésta se compromete en una guerra común, el tirano pone de relieve ciertos aspectos de la condición ciudadana que le faltan por encima de todo: es la participación en las deliberaciones comunes que tienen lugar cuando la comunidad (...)
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  13. Xenophon τακτικός? Remarks on his use of -ικός adjectives.Pierre Pontier - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).
    Xenophon's interest in the art of command has never diminished. This article analyzes his ambivalent relationship with “tactics”, an art he sometimes dissociates himself from, because he considers it to take the place of a much more important knowledge that ultimately encompasses it. This is also demonstrated by his subtle use of -ikos adjectives in both the Memorabilia and the Hellenica. The list of terms, often attested for the first time, confirms that the suffix suggests a specialization and an approach (...)
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  14. Socrates, Athenian Citizen.Anthony Preus - 2024 - In David Keyt & Christopher Shields (eds.), Principles and Praxis in Ancient Greek Philosophy: Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy in Honor of Fred D. Miller, Jr. Springer Verlag. pp. 45-59.
    Aristotle famously claims that the essence of citizenship is participation in “administration of justice, and in offices” (Pol 3.1.1275a22-23, cf. 1275b19-21). Socrates was (not very enthusiastically) a citizen of Athens in Aristotle’s paradigmatic sense; but historical studies have shown that Socrates’ contemporaries took the essence of citizenship to be “sharing in the honors” of the polis by honoring the gods, participating in worship, and benefiting the community. The results of his trial show that he was not universally regarded as an (...)
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  15. Xenophon’s Socrates on Teaching and Learning (2nd edition).Ravi Sharma & Russell E. Jones - 2024 - In Russell E. Jones, Ravi Sharma & Nicholas D. Smith (eds.), The Bloomsbury Handbook of Socrates. Bloomsbury Handbooks. pp. 23–44.
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  16. Sócrates y la divinidad providente.David Torrijos Castrillejo - 2024 - In Jorge Luis Gutiérrez, David Torrijos Castrillejo, Andre da Paz, Luiz Eduardo Freitas & Pedro Maurício Garcia Dotto (eds.), Filosofía y religión en la Grecia antigua. Madrid: Pontificia Universidad de Salamanca / Sindéresis.
    This article explores the figure of Socrates as a religious reformer along the lines of McPherran's studies. Particular attention is paid to the conception of providence as expressed in the accounts of Socrates by Xenophon.
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  17. Ambiguities of Despotic Power in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.Carol Atack - 2023 - Cahiers «Mondes Anciens». Histoire Et Anthropologie des Mondes Anciens 17.
    The ambiguity of Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, a fictionalised portrait of Cyrus the Great and his rise to rule an empire, has led present-day interpretations to diverge widely. Should Cyrus be seen as an ideal king, whose capabilities exceed those of other rulers, or a despot whose ascent to power depends on deception and manipulation? This paper uses the modern conceptualisation of transgression to look at Xenophon’s careful depiction of political and personal boundaries throughout the work. It suggests that the key final (...)
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  18. Memories of Socrates.Carol Atack - 2023 - Oxford: Oxford University Press. Translated by Martin Hammond.
    A new translation by Martin Hammond of Xenophon's Memorabilia and Apology of Socrates, with introduction and notes by Carol Atack, in the Oxford World's Classics series. -/- ISBN: 9780198856092 -/- 'Who would you say knows himself?' -/- In 399 BCE Socrates was tried in Athens on charges of irreligion and corruption of the young, convicted, and sentenced to death. Like Plato, an almost exact contemporary, in his youth Xenophon (c. 430-c. 354 BCE) was one of the circle of mainly upper-class (...)
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  19. Xenophon and the Cynegeticus: the construction of the ideal Greek hunter.Thiago Biazotto - 2023 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 33:03321-03321.
    Starting from the hunting treatise Cynegeticus, assigned to Xenophon, this article seeks to reflect on the way in which the construction of the ideal hunter of the polis described by the Attic author. This aim will aboard both practical terms - equipment, prey, methods of hunting conducting etc - and moral terms, taking in account the numerous attacks made against the sophists throughout the booklet. To accomplish this aim, the present text includes a brief recapitulation of Xenophon's life, the most (...)
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  20. The dialectical method in Xenophon and Antisthenes.Santiago Chame - 2023 - In Claudia Mársico & Daniel Rossi Nunes Lopes (eds.), Xenophon, the Philosopher. Argumentation and Ethics. Peter Lang. pp. 231-248.
    Xenophon’s conception of the dialectical method shares many similarities with Antisthenes’ point of view regarding the relation between language and reality. The key element supporting this reading is the parallel between Xenophon’s method of dialegein kata genē and Antisthenes’ method of episkepsis tōn onomatōn. In this paper, I claim that a correct understanding of both methods yields a clear structural proximity between the two Socratics on the issue of dialectics. Although they present some significant differences, which I will also explore, (...)
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  21. Socrates the Eutrapelos: Xenophon and Aristotle on Ethical Virtue.Gabriel Danzig - 2023 - Classical Quarterly 73 (2):602-619.
    The social virtues are not discussed thematically in the Socratic writings of Plato and Xenophon, but they are on display everywhere. Taking Aristotle's accounts of these virtues as a touchstone, this paper explores the portrait of Socrates as a model of good humour in Xenophon's Symposium. While Xenophon is addressing the same issues as Aristotle, and shares some of his red lines, his conception of the ideal humourist and of virtue in general differs from Aristotle's not only in detail but (...)
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  22. Socrates and Sortition.Paul Demont - 2023 - Common Knowledge 29 (2):193-205.
    In consonance with the view of Aristotle in book 4 of the Politics, Montesquieu wrote that “selection by lot is in the nature of democracy; election by choice is in the nature of aristocracy.” Although the drawing of lots was a marker of classical Athenian democracy, Socrates — according to Xenophon's Memorabilia — was strongly opposed to it as irrational. According to Socrates and Plato, the citizen of a democracy exists in a moral anarchy, and every choice he makes is (...)
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  23. Xenophon and the Athenian Democracy: The Education of an Elite Citizenry, written by Matthew R. Christ.Fiona Hobden - 2023 - Polis 40 (1):175-178.
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  24. (1 other version)The Bloomsbury handbook of Socrates.Russell E. Jones, Ravi Sharma & Nicholas D. Smith (eds.) - 2023 - New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
    This handbook provides detailed philosophical analysis of the life and thought of Socrates across fifteen in-depth chapters. Each chapter engages with a central aspect of the rich tradition of Socratic studies and, after surveying the state of scholarship, points the way forward to new directions of interpretation. A leading team of scholars present dynamic readings of Socrates, extracted from the historical context of Plato's dialogues, covering elenchus, irony, ignorance, definitions, pedagogy, friendship, politics and the daemon. Building on these core Socratic (...)
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  25. Xenophon, the Philosopher. Argumentation and Ethics.Claudia Mársico & Daniel Rossi Nunes Lopes (eds.) - 2023 - Peter Lang.
    Xenophon was considered a talented writer and quick-witted political philosopher, which won him many readers and praise, especially during the Renaissance and early Modernity, but the storm of the nineteenth century that swept away in disdain and derision.
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  26. Socrate l’ autourgos tês philosophias : Remarques sur le Banquet I, 5 de Xénophon.Vitor De Simoni Milione - 2023 - Revue de Philosophie Ancienne 2:213-243.
    L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer le sens et la portée de la locution autourgous tês philosophias, qui apparaît dans le Banquet I, 5. J’espère montrer que cette locution en dit plus qu’elle n’en a l’air prima facie. Je soutiendrai que l’ensemble du passage dépasse la simple opposition entre la ( philo ) sophia gratuite de Socrate et la sophia non gratuite des sophistes, d’une part, et la richesse de Callias et la pauvreté des socratiques, d’autre part. Mon point de (...)
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  27. The Virtue of Agency: Sôphrosunê and Self-Constitution in Classical Greece.Christopher Moore - 2023 - New York, US: OUP Usa.
    Sôphrosunê ("self-discipline") is the often-forgotten sibling of justice, wisdom, courage, and piety in discussions of canonical Greek virtues. Christopher Moore shows that during the classical period it was the object of significant debate--about its scope, its feel, its practical manifestations, and its value. By interpreting sôphrosunê as a commitment to norm-following, we see that these pointed discussions of the virtue, previously ignored as parodic moralizing or expressions of political propaganda, are in fact concerned with the ideal of human agency. These (...)
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  28. Xenophon of Athens: A Socratic on Sparta, written by Noreen Humble.Lorraine Pangle - 2023 - Polis 40 (1):171-174.
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  29. The Ignorance of Xenophon’s Socrates.Sandra Peterson - 2023 - Ancient Philosophy 43 (1):21-34.
    This article responds to scholars that claim that Xenophon’s Socrates, unlike Plato’s Socrates, never professes ignorance about moral matters (§1). I cite instances when the behavior of Xenophon’s Socrates implies that he acknowledges ignorance about particular moral matters. Implied acknowledgement of ignorance amounts to implicit profession (§2). I then consider passages that are evidence that Xenophon’s Socrates professed his ignorance about ‘the greatest things’, which include ethical matters much larger than particular (§3).
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  30. Rereading Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.William H. F. Altman - 2022 - Ancient Philosophy 42 (2):335-352.
    In suggesting that its last chapter’s purpose is to provoke the reader to begin reconsidering and thus rereading the book they have just read, this article attempts to negotiate the interpretive quarrel as whether Xenophon’s Cyropaedia deserves a “sunny” reading—in which Cyrus straightforwardly embodies Xenophon’s own political ideals—or a more critical “dark” one, that separates the author from his protagonist. To help us get the most advantage from the paideia his book was intended to provide, Xenophon made a “sunny” first (...)
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  31. The relay race of virtue: Plato's debts to Xenophon.William H. F. Altman - 2022 - Albany: SUNY Press.
    Demonstrates that Plato and Xenophon ought to be regarded less as rivals and more as engaged in a dialogue advancing a common goal of preserving the Socratic legacy.
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  32. Xenophon and Plato’s Meno.William H. F. Altman - 2022 - Ancient Philosophy 42 (1):33-47.
    Not only was it a reference to Ismenias the Theban (Men. 90a4-5) that allowed nineteenth-century scholars to establish a date of composition for Plato’s Meno on the basis of Xenophon’s Hellenica but beginning with “Meno the Thessalian” himself, immortalized as a scoundrel in Xenophon’s Anabasis, each of the four characters in Plato’s dialogue is shown to have a Xenophontic resonance, thus revealing Meno to be Plato’s tombeau de Xénophon.
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  33. Xenophon, the Old Oligarch, and Alcibiades.William H. F. Altman - 2022 - Polis 39 (2):261-278.
    Modifying the conjecture of Wolfgang Helbig by means of the distinction between Xenophon and his various narrators introduced by Benjamin McCloskey, this paper uses the insights of Hartvig Frisch to show how drawing a distinction between the first-person speaker in pseudo-Xenophon’s Constitution of the Athenians and its author indicates that the former is Alcibiades and the latter is Xenophon himself.
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  34. Kratos and Other Forms of Power in the Two Constitutions of the Athenians.Daniela Cammack - 2022 - Polis 39 (3):466-497.
    What did kratos imply in the classical democratic context? Focusing on the two Constitutions of the Athenians traditionally attributed to Xenophon and Aristotle respectively, this article explores differences among kratos and three proximate terms: archē (de facto governance or magistracy), kuros (authority, perceived as legitimate), and dēmagōgia (leadership). With Benveniste and Loraux, it argues that kratos specifically signalled ‘superiority’ or ‘predominance’, as revealed in combat or other form of contest. Dēmokratia thereby connoted the forceful predominance of the dēmos (‘assembly’, ‘collective (...)
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  35. Askêsis, genèse de la vertu et exemplarité de Socrate chez Platon et Xénophon.Louis-André Dorion - 2022 - Revue de Philosophie Ancienne 2:159-211.
    La première question que cette étude examine est celle du rôle que le Socrate de Platon et le Socrate de Xénophon reconnaissent à l’ askêsis dans la genèse de la vertu. La question de l’ askêsis débouche à son tour sur une autre question, celle de l’exemplarité de Socrate. Dans la mesure où celui qui s’exerce à la vertu a besoin d’un modèle, il faut également examiner si Platon et Xénophon proposent Socrate comme un modèle digne d’être imité. L’étude qui (...)
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  36. Xenophon's Socratic Rhetoric: Virtue, Eros, and Philosophy in the Symposium.Dustin A. Gish - 2022 - Rowman & Littlefield.
    Introduction : opening reflections -- Situating the dialogue : Athenian competitions -- Setting the stage : sophistry versus philosophy -- The banquet begins : rule and the symposium -- Rival ways of life : kαλοκαγαθ̌̌̌̌̌̌iα and virtue -- Display speeches and the promise of wisdom -- Defense speeches and the Socratic way of life -- Socratic moderation in pursuit of the beautiful -- Refutations, accusations, and education -- Digression, reconciliation, and restoration -- Educating gentlemen and moderating erōs -- Performative rhetoric (...)
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  37. Xenophontic Narrative of the Socratic Political Philosophy: A Commentary on The Education of Cyrus.Shervin Moghimi Zanjani - 2022 - Politics Quarterly 51 (4):1149-1171.
    The Education of Cyrus is Xenophon’s magnum opus in political philosophy. If Memorabilia is in the center of his Socratic writings, then The Education of Cyrus is the main work in his portrayal of Cyrus. The Education of Cyrus, as Plato’s Republic, is an educational work in the Socratic sense of the word and hence an original text in the tradition of the Socratic political philosophy. The biographical form of this writing originates from the educational intention of his writer who, (...)
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  38. Cyrus’ Beehive: Ruling Eros and with Eros in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.Antoine Pageau-St-Hilaire - 2022 - Polis 39 (1):99-122.
    This paper examines the role of love in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia. I argue that an essential aspect of Cyrus’ knowledgeable rule is a specific understanding of eros and a corresponding strategy to cope with the power of love. Specifically, I contend that by exploiting a common Greek distinction between the beloved and the lover, he articulates the view that lovers are subjects or even slaves to their beloved who deceive themselves into thinking that their attraction and the ensuing behaviors are voluntary. (...)
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  39. A Gentleman or a Philosopher? Xenophon vs. Aristotle on Kalokagathia.Heather L. Reid - 2022 - In David Konstan & David Sider (eds.), Philodorema: Essays in Greek and Roman Philosophy in Honor of Phillip Mitsis. Parnassos Press – Fonte Aretusa. pp. 121-134.
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  40. Xenophon's Hybris: Leadership, Violence and the Normative Use of Shame in Anabasis 5.8.Matteo Zaccarini - 2022 - Classical Quarterly 72 (1):152-166.
    Through a detailed analysis of Xenophon's defence against a charge forhybrisamong the Ten Thousand, this paper discusses violence, reputation and hierarchy in Greek military and social contexts. Contrary to other recent treatments of the episode, the study highlights the centrality of honour/shame dynamics and of desert in establishing and upholding social order, showing that these notions are found consistently in numerous examples as early as Homer. Addressing the apparent lack of strict discipline in Greek armies, the paper concludes that shame (...)
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  41. Xenophon’s Oeconomicus: the “maîtresse de la maison”.Fiorenza Bevilacqua - 2021 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 31.
    Xenophon’s Oeconomicusincludes an interesting treatise on married life, at the hearth of which is the figure of Ischomachus’ wife, such as she is described by Ischomachus’ words to Socrates. It is an almost innovative figure, because she shares the management of the oikosas being responsible for what is carried out within the oikos: her role is different from her husband’s, who runs and manages what is carried out outside of the oikos. Therefore husband’s and wife’s tasks are different, though complementary. (...)
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  42. Xenophon's Socrates on Wisdom and Action.Joseph Bjelde - 2021 - Classical Quarterly 71 (2):560-574.
    Xenophon's Socrates, like Plato's, holds that wisdom comes with practical abilities. But influential interpretations of Xenophon's Socrates attribute to him a splintered view of wisdom, on which there is no wisdom simpliciter which is specially connected to all good actions. In this paper, I argue that a crucial text is significantly more problematic for the splintered view than hitherto appreciated, while the texts which are supposed to support the splintered view do not. But Xenophon's Socrates comes apart from Plato's in (...)
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  43. (1 other version)Plato, Xenophon, and the Uneven Temporalities of Ethos in the Trial of Socrates.Collin Bjork - 2021 - Philosophy and Rhetoric 54 (3):240-262.
    ABSTRACT Many rhetorical theories of ethos mark their relationship with time by focusing on two temporal poles: the timely ethos and the timeless ethos. But between these two temporal poles, ethos is also durative; it lingers, shifts, accumulates, and dissipates over time. Although scholarship often foregrounds the kairotic and static senses of ethos popularized in Aristotle's Rhetoric, this article highlights how the chronic elements of ethos are no less important to rhetoric. By examining Xenophon's and Plato's representations of the trial (...)
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  44. (1 other version)Plato, Xenophon, and the Uneven Temporalities of Ethos in the Trial of Socrates.Collin Bjork - 2021 - Journal of Speculative Philosophy 35 (3):240-262.
  45. Dialettica, Virtù e Felicità nei Socratici.Santiago Chame - 2021 - Thaumàzein 9 (1):396-415.
  46. Eudaimonia socratica e cura dell’altro | Socratic Eudaimonia and Care for Others.Santiago Chame, Donald Morrison & Linda Napolitano Valditara (eds.) - 2021
    Special volume of "Thaumàzein - Rivista di Filosofia" dedicated to the theme of Socratic Eudaimonia and care for others. It is a multilingual volume comprising twenty papers divided into six sections with an introduction by Linda Napolitano. Edited by Santiago Chame, Donald Morrison, and Linda Napolitano. -/- Despite the appearances given by certain texts, the moral psychology of Socrates needs not imply selfishness. On the contrary, a close look at passages in Plato and Xenophon (see Plato, Meno 77-78; Protagoras 358; (...)
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  47. Teaching sophrosyne: The use of the elenchos by Xenophon’s Socrates.Gabriel Danzig - 2021 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 31.
    The Socratic elenchos in Xenophon's work plays a central role even though it may seem to have a secondary part. The following article aims to work on the xenophontic characterization of the Socratic elenchos, as well as his assessment from the point of view of its educational qualities. In this sense, the socratic elenchos potentialities will be analyzed in three directions: first, the strictly formative dimension; secondly, its role for acting in political affairs; and, finally, his contribution to the acquisition (...)
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  48. Enseñar la sophrosyne: el uso del elenchos del Sócrates de Jenofonte [Traducción de Facundo Bey y Julia Rabanal].Gabriel Danzig - 2021 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 2021 (31):1-39. Translated by Facundo Bey & Julia Rabanal.
    In contrast to the abundance of discussion of Plato’s portrayal of the Socratic elenchos, relatively little work has been done on the elenchos as it appears in Xenophon. The reason is obvious: Xenophon makes much less use of the elenchus than Plato and what he does offer is not as interesting philosophically. Nevertheless, there are good reasons to look more closely at Xenophon’s portrait. It provides a corrective to the excessively intellectualizing portrait of the elenchus found in Plato’s writings, and (...)
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  49. Socrates and his livelihood.Louis-André Dorion - 2021 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 31.
    Known for his poverty, what does Socrates live on? A careful study of the sources reveals that he could satisfy his needs in three different ways: by begging, by the generosity of his friends and by the gifts promised by powerful men. However, regarding these means, the sources are ambivalent: some indicate that Socrates used them, but others that he firmly rejected them in order to preserve his independence.
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  50. Aristotle and the ethics of difference, friendship, and equality: the plurality of rule.Zoli Filotas - 2021 - New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
    Connecting several strands of Aristotle's thought, Zoli Filotas sheds light on one of the axioms of Aristotle's ethics and political philosophy - that every community has a ruler - and demonstrates its relevance to his ideas on personal relationships. Aristotle and the Ethics of Difference, Friendship, and Equality reveals a pluralistic theory of rule in Aristotle's thought, tracing it through his corpus and situating it in a discussion among such figures as Gorgias, Xenophon, and Plato. Considering the similarities and differences (...)
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