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17th/18th Century Philosophy > 17th/18th Century Philosophy, Miscellaneous > Baruch Spinoza > Spinoza: Philosophy of Action
Spinoza: Philosophy of Action
Edited by Stephen Zylstra (University of California, Santa Barbara)
About this topic
| Summary | Scholarly interest in Spinoza's philosophy of action today falls along three main axes. The first is Spinoza's distinction between “actions” strictly speaking (roughly, autonomous acts) and “passions” (heteronomous acts). The second concerns Spinoza's conception of “striving” (conatus), together with related concepts of “desire”, “appetite”, and “volition”. Here the bulk of the debate centers on understanding the causality of striving, and especially determining whether or not some sort of teleology is involved. This concern connects to a larger debate over the scope and nature of Spinoza's criticism of teleology. The third main topic of scholarly concern is Spinoza's criticism of Cartesian free will, together with his own redefinition of “freedom” as autonomy. Notions of passions and desire are also of great importance for Spinoza's ethics; the active/passive distinction for his epistemology. |
| Key works | The key primary text is: Ethics (1677). |
| Introductions | Important secondary discussions: Bennett 1984; Carriero 2005; Carriero 2011; Curley 1990; Della Rocca 1996; Della Rocca 2008; Donagan 1989; Garret 1999; Garrett 2002; Lin 2006; Koistinen 2009. |
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- Determinism, Divine Will, and Free Will: Spinoza, Leibniz, and Maimonides.Jacques J. Rozenberg - 2023 - Australian Journal of Jewish Studies:57-81.The question of Spinozist determinism and necessitarianism have been extensively studied by commentators, while the relationship between the notions of divine will and free will still requires elaborate studies. Our article seeks to contribute to such research, by clarifying the analyses of these questions by authors that Spinoza has confronted: Maimonides, as well as other Jewish philosophers, and Leibniz who criticized Spinozist determinism. We will study the consequences of these analyses on two examples that Spinoza gave to refute free will, (...)
- Spinozas ethik in ihrem verhaltnis zur erfahrung..Friedrich Schwarz - 1902 - Cassel,: Druck von L. Döll.
- The Unrest of the Enlightened Self: The Scope of Human Action in Spinoza.Eduardo Charpenel - 2023 - Tópicos: Revista de Filosofía 68:319-343.My aim in this paper is to examine some of the distinctive facets of human action in Spinoza’s philosophy and show their intrinsic connection with each other. By analyzing in detail how Spinoza addresses different aspects of human action in his main work, the Ethics, it is possible to notice that for him free human agency implies two interrelated features: on the one hand, the adequate knowledge of the causes that determine it, and, on the other hand, a growing capacity (...)
Spinoza: Freedom
- Spinoza on positive freedom.David West - 2015 - In Andre Santos Campos (ed.), Spinoza and Law. Routledge.
- Jean-Mare Gabaude, Liberté et Raison. La liberté cartésienne et sa réfraction chez Spinoza et chez Leibniz. Toulouse, Association des publications de l'Univeirsité de Toulouse-Le Mirail. 1974. 15,5 × 24, 452 p. [REVIEW]W. Voisé - 1977 - Revue de Synthèse 98 (87-88):352-354.
- Reply to Nadler: Spinoza’s Free Person and Wise Person Reconsidered.Sanem Soyarslan - 2023 - Journal of Spinoza Studies 2 (2):60-76.This article addresses Steven Nadler’s response to my objections to his reading of Spinoza’s free person (homo liber). Nadler argues that there are no clear and significant differences between the free person and the wise person (vir sapiens) in their character or in the role theyplay in Spinoza’s moral philosophy; in fact, they are one and the same. I begin by critically examining three inferences which Nadler’s reading in part relies on. I then address the differences between the contexts in (...)
- Die freiheit bei Spinoza..Friedrich Karl Wiessner - 1902 - Osterwieck,: Harz, Druck von A. W. Zickfeldt.Dieses Buch präsentiert eine detaillierte Analyse der Freiheitskonzepte in Spinozas Philosophie. Es untersucht die Bedeutung von Spinozas Konzept der Freiheit und stellt eine ausführliche Analyse der Primärquelle dar. Mit diesem Buch werden Sie ein tiefes Verständnis für die Philosophie Spinozas entwickeln und in der Lage sein, seine Philosophie in den größeren Kontext der europäischen Philosophie zu stellen. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. (...)
- Una apreciación de la Ética de Spinoza en torno a la libertad como libertad humana.María Fernanda Limo Durand - 2023 - Estudios de Filosofía (Universidad de Antioquia) 21:81-99.El presente artículo busca mostrar la relevancia de la filosofía de Spinoza con respecto a la realización de la libertad. Su idea de libertad no rechaza las emociones, y las vincula con nuestra capacidad de ser seres racionales. Spinoza es de los primeros filósofos que aprecia una dimensión interna de las emociones y la considera como parte de nuestra propia naturaleza, pues afirma que la esencia humana es el deseo mismo. El ser humano es consciente de este deseo, el cual (...)
- Spinoza on Freedom, Feeling Free, and Acting for the Good.Leonardo Moauro - 2023 - Argumenta 1:1-16.In the Ethics, Spinoza famously rejects freedom of the will. He also offers an error theory for why many believe, falsely, that the will is free. Standard accounts of his arguments for these claims focus on their efficacy against incompatibilist views of free will. For Spinoza, the will cannot be free since it is determined by an infinite chain of external causes. And the pervasive belief in free will arises from a structural limitation of our self-knowledge: because we are aware (...)
- Relational Autonomy in Spinoza. Freedom and Joint Action.Claudia Aguilar - 2023 - Comparative and Continental Philosophy 15 (1):36-44.Over the last years, some of Spinoza studies have shifted to a consideration of the relational character of his ethics by focusing on the notion of autonomy. This concept is foreign to Spinoza's vocabulary. Therefore, I will attempt to explain what Spinozan relational autonomy is and its connection with the most important ethical concept in his philosophy: freedom. Following considerations about Spinozan freedom, I claim that it entails a relational character and that, for this reason, it is equal to relational (...)
- Mind-Body Parallelism and Spinoza's Philosophy of Mind.Ruben Noorloos - 2022 - Dissertation, Central European UniversityMind-body parallelism is the view that mind and body stand in the same “order and connection,” as Spinoza put it, or that corresponding mental and physical states have corresponding causal explanations in terms of other mental and physical states. This dissertation investigates the nature and role of mind-body parallelism, as well as other forms of parallelism, in Spinoza’s philosophy of mind. In doing so, it also considers how Spinoza’s views relate to current discussions. In present-day philosophy of mind, mind-body parallelism (...)
- Liberazione e salvezza dell'uomo in Spinoza.Gilberto Campana - 1978 - Roma: Città nuova.
- Spinoza, Philosophie pratique.Gilles Deleuze - 1970 - Paris: Éditions de Minuit.La philosophie théorique de Spinoza est une des tentatives les plus radicales pour constituer une ontologie pure : une seule substance absolument infinie, avec tous les attributs, les êtres n'étant que des manières d'être de cette substance. Mais pourquoi une telle ontologie s'appelle-t-elle Ethique? Quel rapport y a-t-il entre la grande proposition spéculative et les propositions pratiques qui ont fait le scandale du spinozisme? L'éthique est la science pratique des manières d'être. C'est une éthologie, non pas une morale. L'opposition de (...)
- Spinoza on Free Will and Freedom.Christopher Kluz - 2023 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.This article provides an overview of Spinoza's positions on determinism, free will, and freedom framed by an attempt to make sense of a Spinozistic ethical project that simultaneously denies free will as an illusion while advocating the significance of human freedom for the good life. Within this context, other key doctrines in Spinoza's moral psychology are explored including his view of the will, passions, rational activity, and responsibility.
- Affektenlehre und amor Dei intellectualis: die Rezeption Spinozas im Deutschen Idealismus, in der Frühromantik und in der Gegenwart.Violetta L. Waibel (ed.) - 2012 - Hamburg: Meiner.Wichtige Aspekte der Spinoza-Rezeption sind lange Zeit im Hintergrund geblieben. Spinoza galt seit dem öffentlich gemachten Bekenntnis des Aufklärers Lessing zum Hen kai Pan als Vertreter einer Substanzenontologie für Atheisten. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi war es, der 1785 und 1789 eine breite Debatte um Pantheismus, Atheismus, letztbegründende Prinzipien der Metaphysik, ferner um Freiheit und Notwendigkeit auslöste. Spinozas Trieb- und Affektenlehre blieb in der Forschung weitgehend unbeachtet. Weniger lautstark als im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert, aber durchaus wirksam, ist Spinoza im 20. und 21. (...)
- Determinism and Human Freedom.Robert Sleigh Jr, Vere Chappell & Michael Della Rocca - 1998 - In Daniel Garber & Michael Ayers (eds.), The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1195–1278.$67.50 used (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this listExport citation
Bookmark 7 citations - Freedom in a Deterministic Universe.James H. Cumming - 2022 - Dogma: Revue de Philosophie Et de Sciences Humaines 21:126-150.This article is the FOURTH of several excerpts from my book The Nondual Mind: Vedānta, Kashmiri Pratyabhijñā Shaivism, and Spinoza (the full book is posted on this site). “I liked James H. Cumming’s The Nondual Mind a lot. It is beautifully written, thoughtful, and very clear.” (Prof. Yitzhak Y. Melamed, Charlotte Bloomberg Professor of Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University) “James H. Cumming’s scholarly interpretation of Spinoza’s works, persuasively showing how 17th century European ideas that ushered in the Enlightenment find a precursor (...)
- Suis-je libre?: désir, nécessité et liberté chez Spinoza.Jean-François Robredo - 2015 - [Paris]: Éditions Les Belles Lettres.English summary: Am I free? Is this not the most fundamental question for all humans? For Spinoza, for us to be free, we must first free ourselves from the illusion of freedom; between determinism and free will is true freedom. Through Spinozas philosophy of desire and reason, the idea of living with our desires without being a slave to them allows us to come closer to answering the question of whether or not we are free. French description: Suis-je libre? N'est-ce (...)
- Baruch Spinoza: una nueva ética para la liberación humana.Pilar Benito Olalla - 2015 - Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
- Spinoza and the Freedom of Philosophizing.Mogens Lærke - 2021 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.This study considers freedom of speech and the rules of engagement in the public sphere; good government, civic responsibility, and public education; and the foundations of religion and society, as seen through the eyes of seventeenth-century Dutch philosopher, Spinoza.
- Spinoza & la liberté.Alexis Philonenko - 2016 - Nice: Les Éditions Ovadia. Edited by Laurence Vanin.La grande difficulté du spinozisme est à rechercher dans le langage. Il y a au moins partout deux langages, l'un philosophique que l'on emploie rarement, et l'autre propre à la langue vulgaire. Nous pourrissons le spéculatif par le vulgaire et nous rendons impie la langue commune par l'intrusion du spéculatif. Comment gouverner le démon du langage? Ce qu'il faut en tout premier lieu discerner, c'est la qualité intime qui confère au langage la possibilité de tromper. Si l'on songe, de plus, (...)
- La libertà umana nell'Etica di Spinoza.Marco Iannucci - 2017 - Napoli: Orthotes.
- Spinoza et Sartre: de la politique des singularités à l'éthique de générosité.Gaye Çankaya Eksen - 2017 - Paris: Classiques Garnier.Au premier abord, les visées et les méthodes philosophiques de Spinoza et de Sartre semblent radicalement différentes. Or, ces différences radicales se trouvent dépassées dès qu'on se penche sur une problématique commune à ces deux philosophes : la production et le maintien de la communauté libre. Une interrogation philosophique sur la question de l'articulation de l'éthique et de la politique nous donnera la possibilité d'évaluer ces philosophes comme les constituants d'une certaine théorie anticontractualiste se fondant spécifiquement sur l'idée de l'émancipation (...)
- La liberté, l'existence et la mort chez Spinoza et Freud.Bertrand Dejardin - 2018 - Paris: L'Harmattan.Dans un précédent ouvrage, La liberté, la pensée et la mort chez Platon et Montaigne, il a été montré que, chez Platon comme chez Montaigne, la mort, loin d'être le plus terrible des maux, est en fait une libération, car elle rend possible un détachement d'avec la vie qui leur est apparue soit contaminée par des fictions, soit cruellement angoissante. Les mêmes thèmes sont repris dans cet ouvrage avec Spinoza et Freud, mais dans un contexte déterministe qui les empêche de (...)
- Freedom in nature, freedom of the mind in Spinoza.Gabor Boros - 2018 - In Christian Krijnen (ed.), Metaphysics of Freedom? Kant’s Concept of Cosmological Freedom in Historical and Systematic Perspective. Boston: Brill.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Spinoza on affirmation, Anima and autonomy : 'shattered spirits'.Keith Green - 2019 - In Aurelia Armstrong, Keith Green & Andrea Sangiacomo (eds.), Spinoza and Relational Autonomy: Being with Others. Eup. pp. 164-193.
- Power, freedom and relational autonomy.Ericka Tucker - 2019 - In Aurelia Armstrong, Keith Green & Andrea Sangiacomo (eds.), Spinoza and Relational Autonomy: Being with Others. Edinburgh: Eup. pp. 149-163.By defining freedom in terms of power, Spinoza understands individual freedom as irreducibly relational. I propose that Spinoza develops his theory of power to understand how individual power or freedom is limited and enhanced by the power of those around one. For Spinoza, the power of an individual is a function of that individual’s emotions, imaginative conceptions of itself and the world and its appetites. In this paper (1) I will argue that Spinoza reformulates a concept of freedom in terms (...)
- Revisiting Spinoza's concept of Conatus : degrees of autonomy.C̜aroline Williams - 2019 - In Aurelia Armstrong, Keith Green & Andrea Sangiacomo (eds.), Spinoza and Relational Autonomy: Being with Others. Eup. pp. 115-131.
- Epistemic autonomy in Descartes, Spinoza and Kant : the value of thinking for oneself.Ursula Renz - 2019 - In Aurelia Armstrong, Keith Green & Andrea Sangiacomo (eds.), Spinoza and Relational Autonomy: Being with Others. Eup. pp. 33-49.
- Le cœur de Spinoza: vivre sans haine.Pierre Ansay - 2019 - Mons: Couleur livres.
- Spinoza, ou, La béatitude fataliste.Bertrand Dejardin - 2021 - Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Materializing Spinoza's Account of Human Freedom.Julie R. Klein - 2019 - In Noa Naaman Zauderer (ed.), Freedom Action and Motivation in Spinoza's Ethics. New York, NY: Routledge Press. pp. 152-71.Spinoza is often conceived as a highly intellectualist philosopher, and it is tempting to read human freedom without attention to its material basis. In this paper, I study Spinoza's claim that the more the body can undergo, the more the mind can know in order to establish Spinoza's view of freedom under the attribute of extension.
- Spinoza on Learning to Live Together by Susan James.Hadley Marie Cooney - 2022 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 60 (2):347-348.For too long, Spinoza's ethics was misread as an ethics of ideals, in which the most virtuous life possible was said to consist of the life of pure reasoning. The "free man," Spinoza's paragon of virtue, was understood to be the individual who is neither helped nor harmed by anything external. The goal, on this view, was to transcend the life of the body, of the material, and of the political, in order to focus solely on becoming like God by (...)
- The Ethics of Joy: Spinoza on the Empowered Life by Andrew Youpa.Julie R. Klein - 2022 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 60 (1):162-163.The Ethics of Joy offers reconstructive argument, careful engagement with select literature, and a big-picture presentation of Spinoza’s view of the well-lived human life. Not “convinced that Kantians in ethics are Kantians because of an argument that Kant or Korsgaard makes,” Andrew Youpa urges us to consider Spinoza’s view as “an alternative way of thinking about our lives—an alternative that is illuminating and insightful”. Since “the presentation of an illuminating alternative is arguably the best a philosopher can do”, this is (...)
- Nietzsche, Spinoza, and Etiology (On the Example of Free Will).Jason Maurice Yonover - 2021 - European Journal of Philosophy 29 (2):459-474.In this paper I clarify a major affinity between Nietzsche and Spinoza that has been neglected in the literature—but that Nietzsche was aware of—namely a tendency to what I call etiology. Etiologies provide second- order explanations of some opponents’ first-order views, but not in order to decide first-order matters. The example I take up here is Nietzsche’s and Spinoza’s rejections of free will—and especially their etiologies concerning how we wrongly come to think that we may boast of such a capacity. (...)
- Spinoza’s Metaphysics of Freedom and Its Essential Paradox.Emanuele Costa - forthcoming - Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica.One of the most peculiar features of Spinoza’s philosophy is his radical interpretation of the notion of freedom. Even though it plays a significant role in his metaethics and political philosophy, freedom is, for Spinoza, a deeply metaphysical notion, rooted in the most fundamental features of his ontology. In this paper, I analyze the internal structure that identifies a being as “free” within Spinoza’s metaphysics. I argue that this structure leads to an internal paradox, entailing that the very component that (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Spinoza’s Authority in the Treatises: An Introduction.Dimitris Vardoulakis - 2018 - In Dimitris Vardoulakis & Kiarina Kordela (eds.), Spinoza’s Authority: The Political Treatises. London, UK: pp. 1-6.The chapter introduces the function of authority in Spinoza's Theological Political Treatise and Political Treatise.
- Freedom as Overcoming the Fear of Death: Epicureanism in the Subtitle of Spinoza’s Theological Political Treatise.Dimitris Vardoulakis - 2020 - Parrhesia 32:33-60.It is often put forward that the entire political project of epicureanism consists in the overcoming of fear, whereby its scope is deemed to be very narrow. I argue that the overcoming of the fear of death should actually be linked to a conception of freedom in epicureanism. This idea is further developed by Spinoza, who defines the free man as one who thinks of death least of all in the Ethics, and who develops this idea more in the Theological (...)
- Freedom Action and Motivation in Spinoza's Ethics.Noa Naaman Zauderer (ed.) - 2019 - New York, NY: Routledge Press.The present volume posits the themes of freedom, action, and motivation as the central principles that drive Spinoza's Ethics from its first part to its last. It assembles essays by internationally leading scholars who provide different, sometimes opposing interpretations of these fundamental themes as they operate across the five parts of the Ethics and within its manifold domains. The diversity of issues, approaches, and perspectives within this volume, along with the chapters' common focus, open up new ways of understanding not (...)
- Reconsidering Spinoza's Free Man: The Model of Human Nature.Matthew Kisner - 2010 - Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy 5.Spinoza’s remarks on the exemplar or model of human nature, while few and brief, have far-reaching consequences for his ethics. While commentators have offered a variety of interpretations of the model and its implications, there has been near unanimous agreement on one point, that the identity of the model is the free man, described from E4P66S to E4P73. Since the free man is completely self-determining and, thus, perfectly free and rational, this reading indicates that Spinoza’s ethics sets exceptionally high goals, (...)
- Generosity as Freedom in Spinoza's Ethics.Hasana Sharp - 2019 - In Jack Stetter & Charles Ramond (eds.), Spinoza in Twenty-First-Century American and French Philosophy: Metaphysics, Philosophy of Mind, Moral and Political Philosophy. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 277-288.Generosity is not best understood as an alliance of forces, necessary for mortal beings with limited time and skills. Sociability as generosity exceeds the realm of need and follows directly from our strength of character [fortitudo] because it expresses a positive power to overcome anti-social passions, such as hatred, envy, and the desire for revenge. Spinoza asserts that generous souls resist and overwhelm hostile forces and debilitating affects with wisdom, foresight, and love. The sociability yielded by generosity, then, is not (...)$49.45 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Considerações acerca das noções de ação e liberdade em Espinosa. Temporalidade e Contingência.Lia Levy - 2000 - Revista de Filosofia Política 6:43-61.Nesse primeiro momento da análise do problema da liberdade em Espinosa, gostaria de mostrar que, embora Espinosa trate o conceito de contingência como relacionado à finitude do entendimento humano, o que sugere uma abordagem meramente negativa, ele, na verdade, desenvolve uma abordagem positiva, a saber : a contingência, assim como o tempo , é uma forma necessária do pensamento humano que tem um fundamento na realidade das coisa s às quais ele se aplica, embora não possa ser considerado uma propriedade (...)
- A Contextualized Self: Re-placing Ourselves Through Dōgen and Spinoza.Gerard Kuperus - 2019 - Comparative and Continental Philosophy 11 (3):222-234.ABSTRACTFor Dōgen, the Buddhist doctrine of “no self” ultimately presents the self as contextualized. The self is for him not an independent entity, but is intricately related to its environment, determined through the many beings around it. In a quite different philosophical setting, Spinoza developed similar ideas. While Dōgen challenged the specifics of a tradition that explicitly argues against the idea of an absolute self, Spinoza faced a more radical challenge: questioning an absolute, unchanging, and free self that the Western (...)
- Spinoza's Dream Argument: A Response to Introspective Arguments for Freedom.J. Petrik & D. Rose - 2019 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 26 (11-12):157-181.This paper critically evaluates an objection to introspective arguments for human freedom found within Spinoza's Ethics. The objection-- which we call Spinoza's dream argument -- challenges the evidentiary value of a person's experience of her own freedom by pointing out that some choices made within dreams are experienced as no less free than choices made while awake despite the fact that choices made within dreams are not free. After reconstructing Spinoza's dream argument, we critically evaluate it, concluding ultimately that it (...)
- Spinoza on Self-Contentment.Daryl de Bruyn - 2016 - In Hemmo Laiho & Arto Repo (eds.), DE NATURA RERUM - Scripta in honorem professoris Olli Koistinen sexagesimum annum complentis. Turku: University of Turku. pp. 126-133.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Spinoza and the Power of Reason.Michael LeBuffe - 2017 - In Yitzhak Melamed (ed.), Cambridge Critical Guide to Spinoza’s Ethics. Cambridge: pp. 304 - 319.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Power Freedom and Relational Autonomy.Ericka Tucker - 2021 - In Aurelia Armstrong, Keith Green & Andrea Sangiacomo (eds.), Spinoza and Relational Autonomy. Edinburgh, UK: pp. 149-163.In recent years, the notion of relational autonomy has transformed the old debate about the freedom of the individual in society. For Spinoza, individual humans are embedded in natural, social and political circumstances from which they derive their power and freedom. I take this to mean that Spinoza’s is best described as a constitutive theory of relational autonomy. I will show how by defining freedom in terms of power, Spinoza understands individual freedom as irreducibly relational. I propose that Spinoza develops (...)
- Freud e Spinoza a razão, a necessidade e a liberdade.Rogério Miranda de Almeida & Allan Martins Mohr - 2019 - Trans/Form/Ação 42 (1):79-100.Resumo Tencionamos, nestas reflexões, analisar os conceitos spinozianos de Deus, do homem e da razão, para, a partir do caráter necessário que os permeia, interrogarmos se existiria também a possibilidade de uma liberdade humana no pensamento do autor da Ética. Se tal liberdade existe, ela estaria situada no próprio plano racional, o que, por sua vez, levantaria ingentes problemas. A mesma questão - a da possibilidade de uma liberdade, em Freud - estaria colocada na margem de ação que, até certo (...)
- From Bondage to Freedom: Spinoza on Human Excellence.Michael LeBuffe - 2009 - New York, US: Oxford University Press USA.Spinoza rejects fundamental tenets of received morality, including the notions of Providence and free will. Yet he retains rich theories of good and evil, virtue, perfection, and freedom. Building interconnected readings of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, error, and desire, Michael LeBuffe defends a comprehensive interpretation of Spinoza's enlightened vision of human excellence. Spinoza holds that what is fundamental to human morality is the fact that we find things to be good or evil, not what we take those designations to mean. (...)
- A Neo-Confucian approach to a puzzle concerning Spinoza's doctrine of the intellectual love of God.Xiaosheng Chen - 2018 - Dissertation, University of BirminghamIn the last part of Ethics Spinoza introduces the doctrine of the intellectual love of God: God loves himself with an infinite intellectual love. This doctrine has raised one of the most discussed puzzles in Spinoza scholarship: How can God have intellectual love if, as Spinoza says, God is Nature itself? After examining existing.approaches to the puzzle and revealing their failures, I will propose a Neo- Confucian approach to the puzzle. I will compare Spinoza's philosophy with Neo-Confucian philosophy and argue (...)
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