Quantum Mechanics

Abstract: Contemporary models of quantum-compatible gravity remove exotic scaffolding but preserve the probabilistic foundations of inference, mistaking uncertainty for reality. This paper introduces the CODES framework—Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems—as a structurally deterministic substrate in which gravity is not curvature but chiral resonance lag. We replace probability with coherence, inference with inevitability, and show that structured intelligence emerges not through chance but through recursive alignment of nested phase systems. The final illusion is not gravity—it is probability itself.

This book contains a non-specialist introduction to modern physics and its formal and conceptual apparatus, with an emphasis on its philosophical aspects. It presents the development of the most important concepts and problems of physics, from ancient astronomical theories, through Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, the theory of electromagnetism, to both theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. It discusses in detail related philosophical questions, such as the issue of determinism and predictability, the dispute over the nature of time and space, the ontological (...) status of physical fields, and the testing and acceptance of empirical theories. The book can be useful to students of philosophy interested in the philosophical aspects of physical sciences, and to students of natural sciences who want to supplement their specialist knowledge with philosophical issues. (shrink)

Replaces and rectifies the Electronic Era. -/- .

Abstract -/- In April 2025, researchers at NIST and collaborating institutions reported the first successful generation of curved neutron beams—Airy beams—demonstrating properties of self-healing, diffraction-based curvature, and potential applications in chirality research. This paper establishes that the CODES framework (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems), developed and published months prior, predicted the core physical principles validated by the experiment. Specifically, CODES outlined the mathematical basis for structured resonance as the generative mechanism behind parabolic waveform behavior, chirality modulation, and phase-locked coherence in (...) non-electromagnetic particles. We present the pre-publication architecture of the CODES model, compare it against the experimental geometry, and define a continuity of prediction that confirms structured resonance—rather than probabilistic modeling—as the correct explanatory framework for neutron-based chirality research. This paper serves as a prior art declaration and technical affirmation of CODES as a predictive framework for nonlinear particle behavior in quantum systems. (shrink)

Quantum mechanics is one of the most successful theories in modern physics and provides a mathematical framework that enables precise predictions about microscopic systems. However, its interpretation remains a subject of deep philosophical inquiry because concepts like superposition and entanglement, which are necessary to account for established experimental results, do not sit well with our intuitive notions of metaphysics – of ontology, epistemology and logic. We employ notions from Kantian philosophy to provide a more general framework than usual for quantum (...) ideas, and we introduce an even more radical quantum mechanical account of the natural world than that inaugurated by Immanuel Kant [1]. (shrink)

This (revised) paper is a sequel to an earlier introductory article on the international order of boundaries, the conceptual equivalence of physics and law, and the philosophical presuppositions (metaphysics, common sense) underlying the international order and modern philosophy more broadly. The paper develops a philosophical approach that does not engage with any such presuppositions, building instead on (historically) recent developments in cosmology and quantum mechanics. Further to a conceptual analysis of the mechanics of information, energy and entropy, it outlines the (...) emergence, as a result of entanglement and phase transition, of increasingly more complex events – the chemical, biological and ecological – and the conceptually equivalent fields of social sciences or rather “transciences” – the economic, social, political and legal. It is suggested that physics is conceptually equivalent to law, chemistry is conceptually equivalent to politology, biology is conceptually equivalent to sociology, and ecology is conceptually equivalent to economics. The demonstration of these conceptual equivalences, or dualities, calls for further philosophical and conceptual reflection that goes beyond physics and law, which are the underlying focus of the present paper. (shrink)

Abstract This paper introduces a coherence-based framework for evaluating the internal consistency, cross-domain applicability, and emergence logic of competing physics theories. Rather than comparing models by their predictive artifacts (particles, fields, or metrics), we assess them by structural fidelity: their capacity to sustain recursive coherence under entropy, chirality, and observer-embedded constraints. We apply this filter to canonical frameworks (General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, String Theory), alternative models (Loop Quantum Gravity, Bohmian Mechanics, Emergent Gravity), and high-coherence systems-level paradigms. The results reveal that (...) most established theories fail to generalize across domains or account for emergence from first principles. We propose that any unified theory must satisfy five structural conditions: internal symmetry-resonance, chirality-driven differentiation, entropy-stable emergence, observer-compatible recursion, and cross-scale fidelity. Among current models, only the Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems (CODES) satisfies all five. The coherence test thus functions not as an endorsement, but as a deductive filter: any theory that fails these criteria is incomplete. Any theory that passes them converges on the same structural attractor. (shrink)

We present a mathematically rigorous extension to quantum mechanics that accounts for consciousness while resolving longstanding paradoxes in physics. Through formal set-theoretic, group-theoretic, and category-theoretic arguments, we first demonstrate the logical impossibility of emergentism—the view that consciousness arises from complex physical processes. We then introduce a minimal dual-phase space framework in which physical states exist in a Hilbert space HΨ and phenomenal states in an orthogonal Hilbert space HΦ , connected by the awareness operator A and volition operator V. These (...) spaces maintain a precise π/2 phase relationship, with the resultant complex energy eigenvalues manifesting gravitationally as dark matter and dark energy. Our framework elegantly resolves the quantum measurement problem through the Born Rule Locus Correspondence (BRLC), which establishes that phenomenal probabilities exactly match physical probabilities when properly referenced to the observer's spacetime locus. We derive several tensor product norm identities that explain both the causal efficacy of consciousness and its imperviousness to physical detection. Finally, we demonstrate how our framework necessitates the persistence of consciousness beyond biological death through phase decoherence and recoherence processes that follow directly from the mathematical structure. Throughout, we identify specific empirical predictions that distinguish our framework from competing theories. The A|Ω⟩ formalism thus unifies quantum mechanics, consciousness, and cosmology within a single mathematical structure that preserves logical coherence while remaining empirically testable. (shrink)

A circle joining and separating any X and Y explains (and controls) everything. Autonomous Intentional Masking (AIM) is the SUPRA-CONSCIOUS PROCESSOR (the super-chip) that controls the circular-linear relationship between mind and matter (nuclear energy) (abstract and concrete reality) (the Metaverse called Mind) (the Singularity called Nature). Giving humans (who understand it) a competitive advantage in all situations (virtual anticipation) (intelligent decisioning).

There is a significant body of literature, which includes Itamar Pitowksy’s “Betting on the outcomes of measurements,” that sheds light on the structure of quantum mechanics, and the ways in which it differs from classical mechanics, by casting the theory in terms of agents’ bets on the outcomes of experiments. Though this approach, by itself, is neutral as to the ontological status of quantum observables and quantum states, some, notably those who adopt the label “QBism” for their views, take this (...) approach as providing incentive to conclude that quantum states represent nothing in physical reality, but, rather, merely encode an agent’s beliefs. In this chapter, I will argue that the arguments for realism about quantum states go through when the probabilities involved are taken to be subjective, if the conclusion is about the agent’s beliefs: an agent whose credences conform to quantum probabilities should believe that preparation procedures with which she associates distinct pure quantum states produce distinct states of reality. The conclusion can be avoided only by stipulation of limitations on the agent’s theorizing about the world, limitations that are not warranted by the empirical success of quantum mechanics or any other empirical considerations. Subjectivists about quantum probabilities should be realists about quantum states. (shrink)

The search for a new scientific theory is typically prompted by an encounter with something in the world that cannot be explained by current theories. This is not the case for the search for a theory of quantum gravity, which has been primarily motivated by theoretical and philosophical concerns. This Element introduces some of the motivations for seeking a theory of quantum gravity, with the aim of instigating a more critical perspective on how they are used in defining and constraining (...) the theory sought. These motivations include unification, incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum field theory, consistency, singularity resolution, and results from black hole thermodynamics. (shrink)

While there are some empirical problems that could suggest the need for a theory of quantum gravity, most of these are not standardly taken as motivations for seeking a new theory. Rather, the quest for a theory of quantum gravity has been primarily motivated, guided, and constrained by philosophical and theoretical concerns. A critical examination of these can help us better understand what the theory is supposed to achieve—and, further, what it should be expected to achieve. On the other hand, (...) there are various approaches towards finding a theory of quantum gravity, with different aims, methods, and starting-points—they disagree on what the theory is supposed to be like. A relevant question is then: what is it that unites these approaches such that we classify them as approaches to quantum gravity? This paper argues that a basic characterisation of the theory can be given in terms of the minimal shared motivation across these different approaches, and that this itself can be seen as motivated by various other problems that have been appealed to as reasons for seeking a theory of quantum gravity. (shrink)

The philosophy of superdeterminism is based on a single scientific fact about the universe, namely that cause and effect in physics are not real. In 2020, accomplished Swedish theoretical physicist, Dr. Johan Hansson published a physics proof using Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity that our universe is superdeterministic meaning a predetermined static block universe without cause and effect in physics. There are various grounds for objecting to Dr. Hansson’s version of superdeterminism, but none hold any water. The most common (...) objections are easily dismissed on the basis of the objector’s ignorance that Dr. Hansson’s version of superdeterminism is unique and not subject to the same objections faced by the version of superdeterminism originally put forth by Dr. John Bell. Other objections based on the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics can be dismissed, because Dr. Hansson’s version of superdeterminism disproves the Copenhagen interpretation and there is no direct evidence that the Copenhagen interpretation is true. Finally, a wide range of remaining objections can be dismissed for various specific reasons. (shrink)

An Always-Off-Grid Universal Processing Unit: The Supra Conductor and The Supra Conductress. Rethinking (what humans call) epistemology and ontology (metaphysics). Physical, philosophical, and psychological fusion. SupraConscious (Always-Off-Grid) Processing. Lead in to Global Projects to Monetize Metaphysical Naturalism. Educational Reset Project for humans who are in emotional pain (because they don't yet understand how Nature works). Substituting Universal Monetizational Gameplaying for Selling Drugs and Creating Addicts in Order to Support a Family (having to deal with the After-Effects of Sex Without a (...) Full Understanding of Nature) (and the Unplanned for Monetization Requirements (Eventual Payments Due) down the road) (especially in rural areas that have no Real Source of Income). Moving away from Conventional Mathematics and Cloud Technology that will never provide Realistic Solutions to Human Problems (instead they will just keep humans Searching and Searching and Searching in order to Monetize Time) (without a full awareness of what's really going on). We can do Much Better. (shrink)

If the model is wrong, the thinking is wrong, and, always, vice versa.

Dinner today is 6 hours after lunch today. Also, these are in our future, then in our present (consecutively), and then in our past (consecutively). How do both quantum mechanics and relativity account for these?

Conservation of the Circle is the only dynamic in Nature. Yin and Yang (ancient) is Zero and One (modern). Circumference and Diameter of an Always-Present (Technically Prescient) Circle.

Quantum mechanics is a fantastically successful theory that has impacted on many areas of physics, from pure theory to applications. However, it is difficult to interpret, and philosophical contradictions and counter-intuitive results are apparent at a fundamental level. In this book, Laloë presents our current understanding of the theory.

Huw Price and Ken Wharton claimed recently in their paper published in The Conversation that quantum mechanics shows that the future can influence the past. According to their paper, many scientists are convinced about it. However, there is still something mystical for philosophers. The first is about the definition of retrocausality and its philosophical relation to causality. Second, it is concerned with understanding the relationship between cause and effect, not only scientifically but also logically. In this talk, I will answer (...) the two questions by analyzing the concept of temporality and by examining the counterfactual and overdetermination. I found a tension in understanding the concept of necessity in the physical and logical sense. Finally, I will argue that the time reversal asymmetry does not imply retrocausality, and the phenomenon of retrocausality does not exist in reality but only in logic. (shrink)

It has been long debated whether quantum mechanics is real or complex. Local experiments have been carried out confirming the complex nature of quantum mechanics in the standard formalism. Nevertheless, recent theoretical work demonstrated that in a closed universe, quantum mechanics is real. We discuss the philosophical implications of whether quantum mechanics is real or complex.

As probably the most successful scientific theory ever created, quantum theory has profoundly changed our view of the world and extended the limits of our knowledge. It has impacted on the theoretical interpretation of a tremendous range of phenomena and the practical development of a host of new technologies. Yet for all its success, aspects of quantum theory remain baffling. Quantum Reality: Theory and Philosophy, Second Edition cuts through much of the confusion to provide readers with an exploration of quantum (...) theory that is as authoritatively comprehensive as it is intriguingly comprehensible. It presents a thorough grounding in the theoretical machinery of quantum physics. Fully updated throughout to include the latest results in quantum entanglement, quantum computing, and an introduction to quantum cosmology and quantum gravity. Without needing an extensive physics and mathematics background, the book requires only an interest in understanding how quantum theory came to be and the myriad ways it both explains how our universe functions and extends the reach of human knowledge. The world beneath the one that we experience with our senses is profoundly mysterious, and while we may never completely unravel that mystery, quantum theory allows us to come closer than ever to understanding where the science leaves off and the mystery begins. Quantum Reality: Theory and Philosophy, Second Edition makes that understanding accessible to anyone possessing a quest for knowledge and a sense of awe. Written by well-known physics author and teacher Dr. Jonathan Allday, this highly engaging work : offers a whistle-stop tour through the early part of the 20th century when the founding fathers of quantum theory forever altered the frontiers of human thought, provides an example-filled interpretation of the theory, its applications, and its pinnacle in Quantum Field Theory (QFT), which is crucial in shaping ideas about the nature of reality, and separates fact from speculation regarding quantum physics' ability to provide a starting point for philosophical queries into ultimate understanding and the limits of science. (shrink)

This paper is about the epistemology of quantum theory. We establish a new result about a limitation to knowledge of its central object---the quantum state of the universe. We show that, if the universal quantum state can be assumed to be a typical unit vector from a high-dimensional subspace of Hilbert space (such as the subspace defined by a low-entropy macro-state as prescribed by the Past Hypothesis), then no observation can determine (or even just narrow down significantly) which vector it (...) is. Typical state vectors, in other words, are observationally indistinguishable from each other. Our argument is based on a typicality theorem from quantum statistical mechanics. We also discuss how theoretical considerations that go beyond the empirical evidence might bear on this fact and on our knowledge of the universal quantum state. (shrink)

Within we prove Time is the potential of omnipotence. It also demonstrates that when we try to control it from a philosophical point of view it obscures us from Serendipity and access to the splendor of the perfect balance between Freewill and the Will of THE Universe as constrained by the Laws of the Universe. It creates Math or the language of the Creator. It is in fact Time that makes everything from nothing while the net sum of time remains (...) constant at zero. We also examine what Essence existed before time to calibrate C and ???????????????? to provide the harmonics for use in OUR Universe. (shrink)

If the sun were to suddenly go out we wouldn't know it for 8 minutes. But if Alice is sitting in the middle of the sun and measures one of a pair of entangled particles and we measure the other one, what direction she measures her particle in has instantaneous effects on the one we measure. This is resolved in the Presentist Fragmentalist interpretation of QM.

Bell’s inequality is an empirical constrain on theories with hidden variables, which EPR argued are needed to explain observed perfect correlations if keeping locality. One way to deal with the empirical violation of Bell’s inequality is by openly embracing nonlocality, in a theory like the pilot-wave theory. Nonetheless, recent proposals have revived the possibility that one can avoid nonlocality by resorting to superdeterministic theories. These are local hidden variables theories which violate statistical independence which is one assumption of Bell’s inequality. (...) In this paper I compare and contrast these two hidden variable strategies: the pilot-wave theory and superdeterminism. I show that even if the former is nonlocal and the other is not, both are contextual. Nonetheless, in contrast with the pilot-wave theory, superdeterminist contextuality makes it impossible to test the theory (which therefore becomes unfalsifiable and unconfirmable) and renders the theory uninformative (measurement results tell us nothing about the system). It is questionable therefore whether a theory with these features is worth its costs. (shrink)

As Classical Propositional Logic finds its algebraic counterpart in Boolean algebras, the logic of Quantum Mechanics, as outlined within G. Birkhoff and J. von Neumann’s approach to Quantum Theory (Birkhoff and von Neumann in Ann Math 37:823–843, 1936) [see also (Husimi in I Proc Phys-Math Soc Japan 19:766–789, 1937)] finds its algebraic alter ego in orthomodular lattices. However, this logic does not incorporate time dimension although it is apparent that the propositions occurring in the logic of Quantum Mechanics are depending (...) on time. The aim of the present paper is to show that tense operators can be introduced in every logic based on a complete lattice, in particular in the logic of quantum mechanics based on a complete orthomodular lattice. If the time set is given together with a preference relation, we introduce tense operators in a purely algebraic way. We derive several important properties of such operators, in particular we show that they form dynamic pairs and, altogether, a dynamic algebra. We investigate connections of these operators with logical connectives conjunction and implication derived from Sasaki projections in an orthomodular lattice. Then we solve the converse problem, namely to find for given time set and given tense operators a time preference relation in order that the resulting time frame induces the given operators. We show that the given operators can be obtained as restrictions of operators induced by a suitable extended time frame. (shrink)

Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws-simplicity, exactness, and objectivity-and discuss whether and how they may be (...) associated with laws of physics. (shrink)

Realism about quantum theory naturally leads to realism about the quantum state of the universe. It leaves open whether it is a pure state represented by a wave function, or an impure (mixed) one represented by a density matrix. I characterize and elaborate on Density Matrix Realism, the thesis that the universal quantum state is objective but can be impure. To clarify the thesis, I compare it with Wave Function Realism, explain the conditions under which they are empirically equivalent, consider (...) two generalizations of Density Matrix Realism, and answer some frequently asked questions. I end by highlighting an implication for scientific realism. (shrink)

Reconstructions of quantum theory are a novel research program in theoretical physics which aims to uncover the unique physical features of quantum theory via axiomatization. I focus on Hardy’s “Quantum Theory from Five Reasonable Axioms” (2001), arguing that reconstructions represent a modern usage of axiomatization with significant points of continuity to von Neumann’s axiomatizations in quantum mechanics. In particular, I show that Hardy and von Neumann share similar methodological ordering, have a common operational framing, and insist on the empirical basis (...) of axioms. In the reconstruction programme, interesting points of discontinuity with historical axiomatizations include the stipulation of a generalized space of theories represented by a framework and the stipulation of analytic machinery at two levels of generality (first by establishing a generalized mathematical framework and then by positing specific formulations of axioms). In light of the reconstruction programme, I show that we should understand axiomatization attempts as being context–dependent, context which is contingent upon the goals of inquiry and the maturity of both mathematical formalism and theoretical underpinnings within the area of inquiry. Drawing on Mitsch (2022)’s account of axiomatization, I conclude that reconstructions should best be understood as provisional, practical, representations of quantum theory that are well suited for theory development and exploration. However, I propose my context–dependent re–framing of axiomatization as a means of enriching Mitsch’s account. (shrink)

As a follow up to Pedagogical Encounters in the Post-Anthropocene, Volume I, this book addresses three major areas in response to the post-Anthropocene: Technology, Neurology, Quantum. Each of these areas is broadly addressed in relation to the concerns that have arisen both theoretically and educationally. As in Volume I, the author terms these to be encounters as each area presents a particular problematic when addressing the phase change that the planet is undergoing where the anthropogenic labour of global humanity is (...) contributing to climate change, endangering our very existence. Technology in education has been a significant development. There is a concerted effort to review this development placing stress on the rise of learning machines and algorithms. In the second encounter the vast literature on neurology is addressed, especially neurodiversity and the various symptoms that have emerged in the post-Anthropocene era. The last section reviews issues related to quantum theory as this is fundamental to tensions between physics and metaphysics. The volume concludes with the author’s own pedagogical proposal for the future. (shrink)

I show that frequentism, as an explanation of probability in classical statistical mechanics, can be extended in a natural way to a decoherent quantum history space, the analogue of a classical phase space. The result is a form of finite frequentism, in which Gibbs’ concept of an infinite ensemble of gases is replaced by the quantum state expressed as a superposition of a finite number of decohering microstates. It is a form of finite and actual frequentism (as opposed to hypothetical (...) frequentism) insofar as all the microstates exist, in keeping with the decoherence-based Everett interpretation, and some versions of pilot-wave theory. (shrink)

We give a general proof showing that if the evolution from one state to another is not reversible, then the projective measurements on the superposition of these two states are impossible. Applying this no-go result to the Schrödinger’s cat paradox implies that if something is claimed to be a real Schrödinger’s cat, there will be no measurable difference between it and a trivial classical mixture of ordinary cats in any physically implementable process, unless raising the dead becomes reality. Other similar (...) macroscopic quantum superpositions cannot be observed either, due to the lack of non-commuting measurement bases. Our proof does not involve any quantum interpretation theory and hypothesis. (shrink)

In this contribution, I explore the possibility of characterizing the emergence of time in causal set theory (CST) in terms of the growing block universe (GBU) metaphysics. I show that although GBU seems to be the most intuitive time metaphysics for CST, it leaves us with a number of interpretation problems, independently of which dynamics we choose to favor for the theory —here I shall consider the Classical Sequential Growth and the Covariant model. Discrete general covariance of the CSG dynamics (...) does not allow us to individuate a single history of the universe (defined by a causal history of different causal sets), thereby making the claim that ‘the past exists’ at best problematic. In addition, because the evolution of the universe in CSG dynamics leads to an outward branching causal tree, it becomes impossible to determine a proper ‘line of becoming’, thereby blurring the presentists’ claim that only the present exists. Similarly, the covariant approach runs into the same, if not even more severe problems, since each configuration of the universe would amount to a set of possible causal sets, thereby making the individuation of a single configuration of the universe —and thus the physical interpretation of the theory— implausible. (shrink)

Quantum theory is perhaps our best confirmed theory for a description of the physical properties of nature. On top of demonstrating great empirical effectiveness, many technological developments in the 20th century (such as the interpretation of the periodic table of elements, CD players, holograms, and quantum state teleportation) were only made possible with Quantum theory.Despite its success in the past decades, even today it still remains without a universally accepted interpretation.This book provides an interdisciplinary perspective on the question; 'What is (...) Quantum Mechanics talking about?', a question which continues to be one of the most fascinating and important questions in science.Using an interdisciplinary approach to foundational problems in Quantum Mechanics (QM), ranging from philosophical questions about the interpretation of QM to technical problems in quantum computation, this book explores quantum mechanics from different perspectives (physical, logical, philosophical and mathematical), by researchers from Europe, North America, and South America. (shrink)

Prime matter plays an indispensable role in Aristotle’s philosophy, enabling him to avoid the pitfalls of both naïve Platonism and nominalism. Prime matter is best thought of as a kind of infinitely divisible and atomless bare particularity, grounding the distinctness of distinct members of the same species. Such bare particularity is needed in symmetrical situations, like a world consisting of indistinguishable Max Black spheres. Bare particularity is especially important in modern physics, given the homogeneity and isotropy of space. With the (...) importance of fields in classical, relativistic, and quantum physics, we have good reason to prefer something like Aristotle’s continuous, infinitely divisible matter over indivisible particles. Mass and energy in relativistic physics also points in the direction of prime matter as the enduring substrate of these quantities. Recent work on Aristotelian interpretations of quantum mechanics, further underscores the contemporary relevance of prime matter. (shrink)

This essay focuses on the MWI hypothesis's characteristic features and logical extrapolations. To substantiate our argument, it uses a "rational structure of causality" argument to support quantum immortality based loosely on quantum theory and neuroscience. By identifying and articulating arguments in favor of quantum immortality based on the immutable laws of physics, we argue that the death of a conscious being is impossible on ideological and scientific grounds.

A serious examination of the viability of a static block universe, and an exploration of its repercussions in the fields of consciousness, causality, free will, cosmology, and quantum mechanics.