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  1. Quantum mechanics foundations.Bakytzhan Oralbekov - manuscript
    Gravity remains the most elusive field. Its relationship with the electromagnetic field is poorly understood. Relativity and quantum mechanics describe the aforementioned fields, respectively. Bosons and fermions are often credited with responsibility for the interactions of force and matter. It is shown here that fermions factually determine the gravitational structure of the universe, while bosons are responsible for the three established and described forces. Underlying the relationships of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is a symmetrical probability distribution of fermions and (...)
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  2. The Promise of Supersymmetry.Enno Fischer - 2024 - Synthese 203 (6):1-21.
    Supersymmetry (SUSY) has long been considered an exceptionally promising theory. A central role for the promise has been played by naturalness arguments. Yet, given the absence of experimental findings it is questionable whether the promise will ever be fulfilled. Here, I provide an analysis of the promises associated with SUSY, employing a concept of pursuitworthiness. A research program like SUSY is pursuitworthy if (1) it has the plausible potential to provide high epistemic gain and (2) that gain can be achieved (...)
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  3. Taking Robots Beyond the Threshold of Awareness: Scientifically Founded Conditions for Artificial Consciousness.Joachim Keppler - 2023 - Proceedings of the 1St Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Perception and Artificial Consciousness (Aixpac 2023), Ceur Workshop Proceedings, Volume 3563.
    To approach the creation of artificial conscious systems systematically and to obtain certainty about the presence of phenomenal qualities (qualia) in these systems, we must first decipher the fundamental mechanism behind conscious processes. In achieving this goal, the conventional physicalist position exhibits obvious shortcomings in that it provides neither a plausible mechanism for the generation of qualia nor tangible demarcation criteria for conscious systems. Therefore, to remedy the deficiencies of the standard physicalist approach, a new theory for the understanding of (...)
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  4. Feynman's space-time view in quantum electrodynamics.Marco Forgione - 2022 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 93 (C):136-148.
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  5. The Disappearance and Reappearance of Potential Energy in Classical and Quantum Electrodynamics.Charles T. Sebens - 2022 - Foundations of Physics 52 (5):1-30.
    In electrostatics, we can use either potential energy or field energy to ensure conservation of energy. In electrodynamics, the former option is unavailable. To ensure conservation of energy, we must attribute energy to the electromagnetic field and, in particular, to electromagnetic radiation. If we adopt the standard energy density for the electromagnetic field, then potential energy seems to disappear. However, a closer look at electrodynamics shows that this conclusion actually depends on the kind of matter being considered. Although we cannot (...)
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  6. From probabilistic topologies to Feynman diagrams: Hans Reichenbach on time, genidentity, and quantum physics.Michael Stöltzner - 2022 - Synthese 200 (4):1-26.
    Hans Reichenbach’s posthumous book The Direction of Time ends somewhere between Socratic aporia and historical irony. Prompted by Feynman’s diagrammatic formulation of quantum electrodynamics, Reichenbach eventually abandoned the delicate balancing between the macroscopic foundation of the direction of time and microscopic descriptions of time order undertaken throughout the previous chapters in favor of an exclusively macroscopic theory that he had vehemently rejected in the 1920s. I analyze Reichenbach’s reasoning against the backdrop of the history of Feynman diagrams and the current (...)
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  7. Quantum Electrostatics, Gauss’s Law, and a Product Picture for Quantum Electrodynamics; or, the Temporal Gauge Revised.Bernard S. Kay - 2021 - Foundations of Physics 52 (1):1-61.
    We provide a suitable theoretical foundation for the notion of the quantum coherent state which describes the electrostatic field due to a static external macroscopic charge distribution introduced by the author in 1998 and use it to rederive the formulae obtained in 1998 for the inner product of a pair of such states. (We also correct an incorrect factor of 4π\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$4\pi$$\end{document} in some of those formulae.) Contrary to what one might expect, (...)
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  8. Building Blocks for the Development of a Self-Consistent Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness.Joachim Keppler - 2021 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15:723415.
    The goal of this work is to compile the basic components for the construction of an electromagnetic field theory of consciousness that meets the standards of a fundamental theory. An essential cornerstone of the conceptual framework is the vacuum state of quantum electrodynamics which, contrary to the classical notion of the vacuum, can be viewed as a vibrant ocean of energy, termed zero-point field (ZPF). Being the fundamental substrate mediating the electromagnetic force, the ubiquitous ZPF constitutes the ultimate bedrock of (...)
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  9. Non-minimal Coupling of the Higgs Boson to Curvature in an Inflationary Universe.Xavier Calmet, Iberê Kuntz & Ian G. Moss - 2018 - Foundations of Physics 48 (1):110-120.
    In the absence of new physics around \ GeV, the electroweak vacuum is at best metastable. This represents a major challenge for high scale inflationary models as, during the early rapid expansion of the universe, it seems difficult to understand how the Higgs vacuum would not decay to the true lower vacuum of the theory with catastrophic consequences if inflation took place at a scale above \ GeV. In this paper we show that the non-minimal coupling of the Higgs boson (...)
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  10. Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy By Carl Gillett Cambridge University Press, 2016. 389pp., £52.99 ISBN: 9781107075351. [REVIEW]Karen Crowther - 2018 - Philosophy 93 (4):586-590.
  11. The utility of Naturalness, and how its application to Quantum Electrodynamics envisages the Standard Model and Higgs boson.James D. Wells - 2015 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 49:102-108.
  12. Del vacío clásico al vacío cuántico.Rafael Andrés Alemañ-Berenguer - 2014 - Contrastes. Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 2 (19):269-288.
    El anuncio en julio de 2012 de los primeros indicios experimentales sobre la existencia del bosón de Higgs, reavivó el interés del secular debate sobre el significado de conceptos como el vacío y los campos físicos. La evolución de sus interpretaciones revela mutaciones profun- das en el trasfondo filosófco de nuestra visión de la naturaleza. Especialmente por cuanto el controvertido papel de las rupturas de simetría se ha añadido a las discusiones sobre las teorías de unificación y la estructura fundamental (...)
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  13. Photon Flux and Distance from the Source: Consequences for Quantum Communication.Andrei Khrennikov, Börje Nilsson, Sven Nordebo & Igor Volovich - 2014 - Foundations of Physics 44 (4):389-405.
    The paper explores the fundamental physical principles of quantum mechanics (in fact, quantum field theory) that limit the bit rate for long distances and examines the assumption used in this exploration that losses can be ignored. Propagation of photons in optical fibers is modelled using methods of quantum electrodynamics. We define the “photon duration” as the standard deviation of the photon arrival time; we find its asymptotics for long distances and then obtain the main result of the paper: the linear (...)
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  14. Generalized Dirac Equation with Induced Energy-Dependent Potential via Simple Similarity Transformation and Asymptotic Iteration Methods.T. Barakat & H. A. Alhendi - 2013 - Foundations of Physics 43 (10):1171-1181.
    This study shows how precise simple analytical solutions for the generalized Dirac equation with repulsive vector and attractive energy-dependent Lorentz scalar potentials, position-dependent mass potential, and a tensor interaction term can be obtained within the framework of both similarity transformation and the asymptotic iteration methods. These methods yield a significant improvement over existing approaches and provide more plausible and applicable ways in explaining the pseudospin symmetry’s breaking mechanism in nuclei.
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  15. Contrasting Classical and Quantum Vacuum States in Non-inertial Frames.Timothy H. Boyer - 2013 - Foundations of Physics 43 (8):923-947.
    Classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation (stochastic electrodynamics) is the classical theory which most closely approximates quantum electrodynamics. Indeed, in inertial frames, there is a general connection between classical field theories with classical zero-point radiation and quantum field theories. However, this connection does not extend to noninertial frames where the time parameter is not a geodesic coordinate. Quantum field theory applies the canonical quantization procedure (depending on the local time coordinate) to a mirror-walled box, and, in general, each (...)
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  16. A Symmetrical Interpretation of the Klein-Gordon Equation.Michael B. Heaney - 2013 - Foundations of Physics 43 (6):733-746.
    This paper presents a new Symmetrical Interpretation (SI) of relativistic quantum mechanics which postulates: quantum mechanics is a theory about complete experiments, not particles; a complete experiment is maximally described by a complex transition amplitude density; and this transition amplitude density never collapses. This SI is compared to the Copenhagen Interpretation (CI) for the analysis of Einstein’s bubble experiment. This SI makes several experimentally testable predictions that differ from the CI, solves one part of the measurement problem, resolves some inconsistencies (...)
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  17. Remarks on Einstein's original approach towards a quantum theory of radiation (about the article "Einstein y el efecto Compton").Michel Paty - 2013 - Scientiae Studia 11 (1):221-242.
    No artigo "Einstein y el efecto Compton", publicado neste número de SCIENTIÆ UDIA: , os autores estranham o fato de Einstein não ter declarado mais claramente o quanto esse efeito comprovava definitivamente o carácter corpuscular da radiação. A presente nota crítica pretende fornecer elementos adicionais de apreciação que permitam acompanhar o método de exploração do domínio dos quanta elaborado por Einstein, na ausência de uma teoria adequada, e praticado por ele de 1905 à 1925, evidenciando por esse meio propriedades inéditas (...)
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  18. Exploring models of associative memory via cavity quantum electrodynamics.Sarang Gopalakrishnan, Benjamin L. Lev & Paul M. Goldbart - 2012 - Philosophical Magazine 92 (1-3):353-361.
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  19. Extreme Sub-radiance: Can Quantum Effects Generate Dramatically Longer Atomic Lifetimes? [REVIEW]Shmuel Nussinov & Jeff Tollaksen - 2012 - Foundations of Physics 42 (9):1186-1199.
    The prolongation of lifetimes for an excited atom due to the presence of nearby atoms in the ground state is shown to follow simply from unitarity of the time evolution. We also discuss possible approaches to the detection and the overcoming of various technical obstacles.
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  20. Symmetry and Integrability in the Classical Model of Zitterbewegung.Yusuf Sucu & Nuri Ünal - 2012 - Foundations of Physics 42 (8):1067-1077.
    We extended the Barut’s classical model of zitterbewegung from 3+1 dimensional spacetime into 2+1 and 1+1 dimensional spacetimes and discussed the symmetry and integrability properties of the model in 2+1, 1+1 and 3+1 dimensions. In these cases, the free particle current or the velocity of the particle can be decomposed as a constant convection current and polarization currents.In 2+1 dimensional spacetime, a velocity of the particle and spin tensor are dependent to each other and the chirality can not be introduced. (...)
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  21. The quantum vacuum: a scientific and philosophical concept, from electrodynamics to string theory and the geometry of the microscopic world.Luciano Boi - 2011 - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    Acclaimed mathematical physicist and natural philosopher Luciano Boi expounds the quantum vacuum, exploring the meaning of nothingness and its relationship with ...
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  22. Are Virtual Quanta Nothing but Formal Tools?Mario Bacelar Valente - 2011 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 25 (1):39 - 53.
    The received view in philosophical studies of quantum field theory is that Feynman diagrams are simply calculational devices. Alongside this view we have the one that takes virtual quanta to be also simply formal tools. This received view was developed and consolidated in philosophy of physics by Mario Bunge, Paul Teller, Michael Redhead, Robert Weingard, Brigitte Falkenburg, and others. In this article I present an alternative to the received view.
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  23. The Relation between Classical and Quantum Electrodynamics.Mario Bacelar Valente - 2011 - Theoria: Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 26 (1):51-68.
    Quantum electrodynamics presents intrinsic limitations in the description of physical processes that make it impossible to recover from it the type of description we have in classical electrodynamics. Hence one cannot consider classical electrodynamics as reducing to quantum electrodynamics and being recovered from it by some sort of limiting procedure. Quantum electrodynamics has to be seen not as a more fundamental theory, but as an upgrade of classical electrodynamics, which permits an extension of classical theory to the description of phenomena (...)
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  24. A Case for an Empirically Demonstrable Notion of the Vacuum in Quantum Electrodynamics Independent of Dynamical Fluctuations.Mario Bacelar Valente - 2011 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 42 (2):241-261.
    A re-evaluation of the notion of vacuum in quantum electrodynamics is presented, focusing on the vacuum of the quantized electromagnetic field. In contrast to the ‘nothingness’ associated to the idea of classical vacuum, subtle aspects are found in relation to the vacuum of the quantized electromagnetic field both at theoretical and experimental levels. These are not the usually called vacuum effects. The view defended here is that the so-called vacuum effects are not due to the ground state of the quantized (...)
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  25. Zitterbewegung in External Magnetic Field: Classic versus Quantum Approach. [REVIEW]Mehran Zahiri-Abyaneh & Mehrdad Farhoudi - 2011 - Foundations of Physics 41 (8):1355-1374.
    We investigate variations of the Zitterbewegung frequency of electron due to an external static and uniform magnetic field employing the expectation value quantum approach, and compare our results with the classical model of spinning particles. We demonstrate that these two so far compatible approaches are not in agreement in the presence of an external uniform static magnetic field, in which the classical approach breaks the usual symmetry of free particles and antiparticles states, i.e. it leads to CP violation. Hence, regarding (...)
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  26. Erratum to: On Virtual Phonons, Photons, and Electrons. [REVIEW]Günter Nimtz - 2010 - Foundations of Physics 40 (9-10):1221-1230.
  27. Einstein's unification.Jeroen van Dongen - 2010 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Why did Einstein tirelessly study unified field theory for more than 30 years? In this book, the author argues that Einstein believed he could find a unified theory of all of nature's forces by repeating the methods he used when he formulated general relativity. The book discusses Einstein's route to the general theory of relativity, focusing on the philosophical lessons that he learnt. It then addresses his quest for a unified theory for electromagnetism and gravity, discussing in detail his efforts (...)
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  28. Zitterbewegung in Quantum Mechanics.David Hestenes - 2009 - Foundations of Physics 40 (1):1-54.
    The possibility that zitterbewegung opens a window to particle substructure in quantum mechanics is explored by constructing a particle model with structural features inherent in the Dirac equation. This paper develops a self-contained dynamical model of the electron as a lightlike particle with helical zitterbewegung and electromagnetic interactions. The model admits periodic solutions with quantized energy, and the correct magnetic moment is generated by charge circulation. It attributes to the electron an electric dipole moment rotating with ultrahigh frequency, and the (...)
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  29. Léon Rosenfeld and the challenge of the vanishing momentum in quantum electrodynamics.Donald Salisbury - 2009 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 40 (4):363-373.
  30. Comment and Addendum to 'On the Occurrence of Mass in Field Theory'.Giampiero Esposito - 2008 - Foundations of Physics 38 (1):96-98.
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  31. New Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations: On the Anomalous Gyromagnetic Ratio.G. G. Nyambuya - 2008 - Foundations of Physics 38 (7):665-677.
    I propose three new curved spacetime versions of the Dirac Equation. These equations have been developed mainly to try and account in a natural way for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of Fermions. The derived equations suggest that particles including the Electron which is thought to be a point particle do have a finite spatial size which is the reason for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio. A serendipitous result of the theory, is that, to of the equation exhibits an asymmetry (...)
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  32. All you need to know about the Dirac equation.P. Weinberger - 2008 - Philosophical Magazine 88 (18-20):2585-2601.
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  33. The Vacuum Electromagnetic Fields and the Schrödinger Equation.A. J. Faria, H. M. França, G. G. Gomes & R. C. Sponchiado - 2007 - Foundations of Physics 37 (8):1296-1305.
    We consider the simple case of a nonrelativistic charged harmonic oscillator in one dimension, to investigate how to take into account the radiation reaction and vacuum fluctuation forces within the Schrödinger equation. The effects of both zero-point and thermal classical electromagnetic vacuum fields, characteristic of stochastic electrodynamics, are separately considered. Our study confirms that the zero-point electromagnetic fluctuations are dynamically related to the momentum operator p=−i ℏ ∂/∂ x used in the Schrödinger equation.
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  34. Does quantum electrodynamics have an arrow of time?David Atkinson - 2006 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (3):528-541.
    Quantum electrodynamics is a time-symmetric theory that is part of the electroweak interaction, which is invariant under a generalized form of this symmetry, the PCT transformation. The thesis is defended that the arrow of time in electrodynamics is a consequence of the assumption of an initial state of high order, together with the quantum version of the equiprobability postulate.
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  35. Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics. [REVIEW]Steven French - 2006 - Isis 97:185-186.
  36. Ortho- and Para-helium in Relativistic Schrödinger Theory.F. Stary & M. Sorg - 2006 - Foundations of Physics 36 (9):1325-1403.
    The characteristic features of ortho- and para-helium are investigated within the framework of Relativistic Schrödinger Theory (RST). The emphasis lies on the conceptual level, where the geometric and physical properties of both RST field configurations are inspected in detail. From the geometric point of view, the striking feature consists in the splitting of the $\mathfrak{u}(2)$ -valued bundle connection $\mathcal{A}_{\mu}$ into an abelian electromagnetic part (organizing the electromagnetic interactions between the two electrons) and an exchange part, which is responsible for their (...)
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  37. Does quantum electrodynamics have an arrow of time?☆.David Atkinson - 2005 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 37 (3):528-541.
    Quantum electrodynamics is a time-symmetric theory that is part of the electroweak interaction, which is invariant under a generalized form of this symmetry, the PCT transformation. The thesis is defended that the arrow of time in electrodynamics is a consequence of the assumption of an initial state of high order, together with the quantum version of the equiprobability postulate.
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  38. QED Derived from the Two-Body Interaction.Sarah B. M. Bell, John P. Cullerne & Bernard M. Diaz - 2004 - Foundations of Physics 34 (2):297-333.
    We have shown in a previous paper that the Dirac bispinor can vary like a four-vector and that Quantum Electrodynamics can be reproduced with this form of behaviour. In Part I of this paper, we show that QED with the same transformational behaviour also holds in an alternative space we call M-space. We use the four-vector behaviour to model the two-body interaction in M and show that this has similar physical properties to the usual model in L which it predicts. (...)
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  39. Canonical Proper Time Formulation for Physical Systems.James Lindesay & Tepper Gill - 2004 - Foundations of Physics 34 (1):169-182.
    The canonical proper time formulation of relativistic dynamics provides a framework from which one can describe the dynamics of classical and quantum systems using the clock of those very systems. The framework utilizes a canonical transformation on the time variable that is used to describe the dynamics, and does not transform other dynamical variables such as momenta or positions. This means that the time scales of the dynamics are described in terms of the natural local time coordinates, which is the (...)
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  40. A Gedanken Spacecraft that Operates Using the Quantum Vacuum (Dynamic Casimir Effect).G. Jordan Maclay & Robert L. Forward - 2004 - Foundations of Physics 34 (3):477-500.
    Conventional rockets are not a suitable technology for interstellar missions. Chemical rockets require a very large weight of propellant, travel very slowly compared to light speed, and require significant energy to maintain operation over periods of years. For example, the 722 kg Voyager spacecraft required 13,600 kg of propellant to launch and would take about 80,000 years to reach the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, about 4.3 light years away. There have been various attempts at developing ideas on which one might (...)
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  41. The Electrodynamic 2-Body Problem and the Origin of Quantum Mechanics.C. K. Raju - 2004 - Foundations of Physics 34 (6):937-962.
    We numerically solve the functional differential equations (FDEs) of 2-particle electrodynamics, using the full electrodynamic force obtained from the retarded Lienard–Wiechert potentials and the Lorentz force law. In contrast, the usual formulation uses only the Coulomb force (scalar potential), reducing the electrodynamic 2-body problem to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The ODE formulation is mathematically suspect since FDEs and ODEs are known to be incompatible; however, the Coulomb approximation to the full electrodynamic force has been believed to be (...)
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  42. Radiation Reaction of a Nonrelativistic Quantum Charged Particle.J. A. E. Roa-Neri & J. L. Jiménez - 2004 - Foundations of Physics 34 (4):547-580.
    An alternative approach to analyze the nonrelativistic quantum dynamics of a rigid and extended charged particle taking into account the radiation reaction is discussed with detail. Interpretation of the field operators as annihilation and creation ones, theory of perturbations and renormalization are not used. The analysis is carried out in the Heisenberg picture with the electromagnetic field expanded in a complete orthogonal basis set of functions which allows the electromagnetic field to satisfy arbitrary boundary conditions. The corresponding coefficients are the (...)
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  43. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory.F. Strocchi - 2004 - Foundations of Physics 34 (3):501-527.
    The problems which arise for a relativistic quantum mechanics are reviewed and critically examined in connection with the foundations of quantum field theory. The conflict between the quantum mechanical Hilbert space structure, the locality property and the gauge invariance encoded in the Gauss' law is discussed in connection with the various quantization choices for gauge fields.
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  44. Higher-Order Kinetic Term for Controlling Photon Mass in Off-Shell Electrodynamics.Martin Land - 2003 - Foundations of Physics 33 (8):1157-1175.
    In relativistic classical and quantum mechanics with Poincaré-invariant parameter, particle worldlines are traced out by the evolution of spacetime events. The formulation of a covariant canonical framework for the evolving events leads to a dynamical theory in which mass conservation is demoted from a priori constraint to the status of conserved Noether current for a certain class of interactions. In pre-Maxwell electrodynamics—the local gauge theory associated with this framework —events induce five local off-shell fields, which mediate interactions between instantaneous events, (...)
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  45. Thermal Equilibrium Between Radiation and Matter.G. Lanyi - 2003 - Foundations of Physics 33 (3):511-528.
    In 1916, Einstein rederived the blackbody radiation law of Planck that originated the idea of quantized energy one hundred years ago. For this purpose, Einstein introduced the concept of transition probability, which had a profound influence on the development of quantum theory. In this article, we adopt Einstein's assumptions with two exceptions and seek the statistical condition for the thermal equilibrium of matter without referring to the inner details of either statistical thermodynamics or quantum theory. It is shown that the (...)
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  46. On causal loops in the quantum realm.Joseph Berkovitz - 2002 - In T. Placek & J. Butterfield (eds.), Non-Locality and Modality. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 235--257.
  47. On the Occurrence of Mass in Field Theory.Giampiero Esposito - 2002 - Foundations of Physics 32 (9):1459-1483.
    This paper proves that it is possible to build a Lagrangian for quantum electrodynamics which makes it explicit that the photon mass is eventually set to zero in the physical part on observational ground. Gauge independence is achieved upon considering the joint effect of gauge-averaging term and ghost fields. It remains possible to obtain a counterterm Lagrangian where the only non-gauge-invariant term is proportional to the squared divergence of the potential, while the photon propagator in momentum space falls off like (...)
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  48. Bound States in Quantum Electrodynamics: Theory and Application. [REVIEW]H. Grotch & D. A. Owen - 2002 - Foundations of Physics 32 (9):1419-1457.
    The basic methods that have been used for describing bound-state quantum electrodynamics are described and critically discussed. These include the external field approximation, the quasi-potential approaches, the effective potential approach, the Bethe–Salpeter method, and the three-dimensional equations of Lepage and other workers. Other methods less frequently used but of some intrinsic interest such as applications of the Duffin–Kemmer equation are also described. A comparison of the strengths and shortcomings of these various approaches is included.
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  49. Nuclear Democracy: Political Engagement, Pedagogical Reform, and Particle Physics in Postwar America.David Kaiser - 2002 - Isis 93 (2):229-268.
    The influential Berkeley theoretical physicist Geoffrey Chew renounced the reigning approach to the study of subatomic particles in the early 1960s. The standard approach relied on a rigid division between elementary and composite particles. Partly on the basis of his new interpretation of Feynman diagrams, Chew called instead for a “nuclear democracy” that would erase this division, treating all nuclear particles on an equal footing. In developing his rival approach, which came to dominate studies of the strong nuclear force throughout (...)
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  50. Collective Electrodynamics: Quantum Foundations of Electromagnetism.Carver A. Mead - 2002 - MIT Press.
    Carver Mead offers a radically new approach to the standard problems of electromagnetic theory.
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