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Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence
Edited by Eric Dietrich (State University of New York at Binghamton)
Assistant editor: Michelle Thomas (University of Western Ontario)
About this topic
| Summary |
The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a collection of issues primarily concerned with whether or not AI is possible -- with whether or not it is possible to build an intelligent thinking machine. Also of concern is whether humans and other animals are best thought of as machines (computational robots, say) themselves. The most important of the "whether-possible" problems lie at the intersection of theories of the semantic contents of thought and the nature of computation. A second suite of problems surrounds the nature of rationality. A third suite revolves around the seeming “transcendent” reasoning powers of the human mind. These problems derive from Kurt Gödel's famous Incompleteness Theorem. A fourth collection of problems concerns the architecture of an intelligent machine. Should a thinking computer use discrete or continuous modes of computing and representing, is having a body necessary, and is being conscious necessary. This takes us to the final set of questions. Can a computer be conscious? Can a computer have a moral sense? Would we have duties to thinking computers, to robots? For example, is it moral for humans to even attempt to build an intelligent machine? If we did build such a machine, would turning it off be the equivalent of murder? If we had a race of such machines, would it be immoral to force them to work for us? |
| Key works | Probably the most important attack on whether AI is possible is John Searle's famous Chinese Room Argument: Searle 1980. This attack focuses on the semantic aspects (mental semantics) of thoughts, thinking, and computing. For some replies to this argument, see the same 1980 journal issue as Searle's original paper. For the problem of the nature of rationality, see Pylyshyn 1987. An especially strong attack on AI from this angle is Jerry Fodor's work on the frame problem: Fodor 1987. On the frame problem in general, see McCarthy & Hayes 1969. For some replies to Fodor and advances on the frame problem, see Ford & Pylyshyn 1996. For the transcendent reasoning issue, a central and important paper is Hilary Putnam's Putnam 1960. This paper is arguably the source for the computational turn in 1960s-70s philosophy of mind. For architecture-of-mind issues, see, for starters: M. Spivey's The Contintuity of Mind, Oxford, which argues against the notion of discrete representations. See also, Gelder & Port 1995. For an argument for discrete representations, see, Dietrich & Markman 2003. For an argument that the mind's boundaries do not end at the body's boundaries, see, Clark & Chalmers 1998. For a statement of and argument for computationalism -- the thesis that the mind is a kind of computer -- see Shimon Edelman's excellent book Edelman 2008. See also Chapter 9 of Chalmers's book Chalmers 1996. |
| Introductions | Chinese Room Argument: Searle 1980. Frame problem: Fodor 1987, Computationalism and Godelian style refutation: Putnam 1960. Architecture: M. Spivey's The Contintuity of Mind, Oxford and Shimon Edelman's Edelman 2008. Ethical issues: Anderson & Anderson 2011 and Müller 2020. Conscious computers: Chalmers 2011. |
Show all references
Related
Subcategories
Can Machines Think? (2,087 | 387)
The Turing Test (479)
The Chinese Room (270)
Machine Consciousness (364)
Machine Mentality, Misc (316)
Computation and Representation (830 | 175)
Connectionism and Neural Networks (963 | 520)
Areas of Artificial Intelligence (1,413 | 290)
Artificial Life* (254)
Computer Vision (8)
Cybernetics (201)
Dynamical Systems (224)
The Frame Problem (90)
Machine Learning (147)
Robotics (309)
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2,459 | 3)
Algorithmic Fairness (130)
Autonomous Vehicles (22)
Autonomous Weapons (38)
Robot Ethics* (472)
Machine Ethics (507)
Impact of Artificial Intelligence (995 | 101)
Autonomous Weapons* (38)
Autonomous Vehicles* (22)
Cyborgs (26)
Mind Uploading (47)
The Singularity (102)
Transhumanism (428)
Contents
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Material to categorize
- Characterizing the perception of urban spaces from visual analytics of street-level imagery.Frederico Freitas, Todd Berreth, Yi-Chun Chen & Arnav Jhala - 2023 - AI and Society 38 (4):1361-1371.This project uses machine learning and computer vision techniques and a novel interactive visualization tool to provide street-level characterization of urban spaces such as safety and maintenance in urban neighborhoods. This is achieved by collecting and annotating street-view images, extracting objective metrics through computer vision techniques, and using crowdsourcing to statistically model the perception of subjective metrics such as safety and maintenance. For modeling human perception and scaling it up with a predictive algorithm, we evaluate perception predictions across two points (...)
- The Role of Naturalness in Concept Learning: A Computational Study.Igor Douven - forthcoming - Minds and Machines:1-20.This paper studies the learnability of natural concepts in the context of the conceptual spaces framework. Previous work proposed that natural concepts are represented by the cells of optimally partitioned similarity spaces, where optimality was defined in terms of a number of constraints. Among these is the constraint that optimally partitioned similarity spaces result in easily learnable concepts. While there is evidence that systems of concepts generally regarded as natural satisfy a number of the proposed optimality constraints, the connection between (...)
- Technology, institutions and regulation: towards a normative theory.Marcus Smith & Seumas Miller - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-11.Technology regulation is one of the most important public policy issues facing society and governments at the present time, and further clarity could improve decision making in this complex and challenging area. Since the rise of the internet in the late 1990s, a number of approaches to technology regulation have been proposed, prompted by the associated changes in society, business and law that this development brought with it. However, over the past decade, the impact of technology has been profound and (...)
- Automated decision-making and the problem of evil.Andrea Berber - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-10.The intention of this paper is to point to the dilemma humanity may face in light of AI advancements. The dilemma is whether to create a world with less evil or maintain the human status of moral agents. This dilemma may arise as a consequence of using automated decision-making systems for high-stakes decisions. The use of automated decision-making bears the risk of eliminating human moral agency and autonomy and reducing humans to mere moral patients. On the other hand, it also (...)
- Technology, the latent conqueror: an experimental study on the perception and awareness of technological determinism featuring select sci-fi films and AI literature.Ardra P. Kumar & S. Rukmini - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-9.In today’s age, we see the increasing influence of technology on people, which begs to raise the question: “Is society determined by technology?” Rising up within the constraints of each society, technology had its limitations, as it catered to the needs and interests of the masses. As society evolved, so did its requirements. We are at a stage where dependence on technology has gone through the roof with new innovations coming up in the sector, the rise of artificial intelligence, for (...)
- Hermeneutic of performing cultures.Arun Kumar Tripathi - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-8.
- An analysis of informational power transformations: from modern state to the new regime of performativity.Francesco Abbate - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-12.This paper examines the role and power of the state in modernity and its transformation throughout it and into the present. First, it recognizes the centrality of the role of information control for the modern state constitution, which allows sovereign power to extend to the national level. Secondly, it discusses the shift of state power from a purely informational power to an informational and bargaining power, as well as the gradual transformation of sovereignty into governmentality. Finally, it analyzes the transformations (...)
- Three lines of defense against risks from AI.Jonas Schuett - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-15.Organizations that develop and deploy artificial intelligence (AI) systems need to manage the associated risks—for economic, legal, and ethical reasons. However, it is not always clear who is responsible for AI risk management. The three lines of defense (3LoD) model, which is considered best practice in many industries, might offer a solution. It is a risk management framework that helps organizations to assign and coordinate risk management roles and responsibilities. In this article, I suggest ways in which AI companies could (...)
- Consciousness Requires Mortal Computation.Kleiner Johannes - manuscriptAll organisms compute, though in vastly different ways. Whereas biological systems carry out mortal computation, contemporary AI systems and all previous general purpose computers carry out immortal computation. Here, we show that if Computational Functionalism holds true, consciousness requires mortal computation. This implies that none of the contemporary AI systems, and no AI system that runs on hardware of the type in use today, can be conscious.
- “Machine Down”: making sense of human–computer interaction—Garfinkel’s research on ELIZA and LYRIC from 1967 to 1969 and its contemporary relevance. [REVIEW]Clemens Eisenmann, Jakub Mlynář, Jason Turowetz & Anne W. Rawls - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-19.This paper examines Harold Garfinkel’s work with ELIZA and a related program LYRIC from 1967 to 1969. AI researchers have tended to treat successful human–machine interaction as if it relied primarily on non-human machine characteristics, and thus the often-reported attribution of human-like qualities to communication with computers has been criticized as a misperception—and humans who make such reports referred to as “deluded.” By contrast Garfinkel, building on two decades of prior research on information and communication, argued that the ELIZA and (...)
- At the intersection of humanity and technology: a technofeminist intersectional critical discourse analysis of gender and race biases in the natural language processing model GPT-3.M. A. Palacios Barea, D. Boeren & J. F. Ferreira Goncalves - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-19.Algorithmic biases, or algorithmic unfairness, have been a topic of public and scientific scrutiny for the past years, as increasing evidence suggests the pervasive assimilation of human cognitive biases and stereotypes in such systems. This research is specifically concerned with analyzing the presence of discursive biases in the text generated by GPT-3, an NLPM which has been praised in recent years for resembling human language so closely that it is becoming difficult to differentiate between the human and the algorithm. The (...)
- Encoding Ethics to Compute Value-Aligned Norms.Marc Serramia, Manel Rodriguez-Soto, Maite Lopez-Sanchez, Juan A. Rodriguez-Aguilar, Filippo Bistaffa, Paula Boddington, Michael Wooldridge & Carlos Ansotegui - forthcoming - Minds and Machines:1-30.Norms have been widely enacted in human and agent societies to regulate individuals’ actions. However, although legislators may have ethics in mind when establishing norms, moral values are only sometimes explicitly considered. This paper advances the state of the art by providing a method for selecting the norms to enact within a society that best aligns with the moral values of such a society. Our approach to aligning norms and values is grounded in the ethics literature. Specifically, from the literature’s (...)
- A Pragmatic Theory of Computational Artefacts.Alessandro G. Buda & Giuseppe Primiero - forthcoming - Minds and Machines:1-32.Some computational phenomena rely essentially on pragmatic considerations, and seem to undermine the independence of the specification from the implementation. These include software development, deviant uses, esoteric languages and recent data-driven applications. To account for them, the interaction between pragmatics, epistemology and ontology in computational artefacts seems essential, indicating the need to recover the role of the language metaphor. We propose a User Levels (ULs) structure as a pragmatic complement to the Levels of Abstraction (LoAs)-based structure defining the ontology and (...)
- Trustworthy AI: AI made in Germany and Europe?Hartmut Hirsch-Kreinsen & Thorben Krokowski - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-11.As the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) continue to expand, concerns are also growing about the ethical and social consequences of unregulated development and, above all, use of AI systems in a wide range of social areas. It is therefore indisputable that the application of AI requires social standardization and regulation. For years, innovation policy measures and the most diverse activities of European and German institutions have been directed toward this goal. Under the label “Trustworthy AI” (TAI), a promise is (...)
- Artificial thinking and doomsday projections: a discourse on trust, ethics and safety.Jeffrey White, Dietrich Brandt, Jan Söffner & Larry Stapleton - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-6.The article reflects on where AI is headed and the world along with it, considering trust, ethics and safety. Implicit in artificial thinking and doomsday appraisals is the engineered divorce from reality of sublime human embodiment. Jeffrey White, Dietrich Brandt, Jan Soeffner, and Larry Stapleton, four scholars associated with AI & Society, address these issues, and more, in the following exchange.
- Correction: Material hermeneutics as cultural learning: from relations to processes of relations.Cathrine Hasse - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-1.
- Transforming hermeneutics.Arun Kumar Tripathi - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-7.
- Democratizing AI from a Sociotechnical Perspective.Merel Noorman & Tsjalling Swierstra - forthcoming - Minds and Machines:1-24.Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies offer new ways of conducting decision-making tasks that influence the daily lives of citizens, such as coordinating traffic, energy distributions, and crowd flows. They can sort, rank, and prioritize the distribution of fines or public funds and resources. Many of the changes that AI technologies promise to bring to such tasks pertain to decisions that are collectively binding. When these technologies become part of critical infrastructures, such as energy networks, citizens are affected by these decisions whether (...)
- The Epistemic Impossibility of Economic Calculation.Panagiotis Karadimas - 2023 - Synthese 202 (6):1-22.Events regarding individuals’ preferences that do not always follow from standard measures such as “value of statistical life” or “quality-adjusted life years” as well as events that occur in some market-related settings which distort the information conveyed by price mechanisms, suggest that a notable chunk of what Hayek called “local knowledge” remains inaccessible by scientific tools and that only the individuals who interact in these local frameworks can have access to it. This casts serious doubt on the epistemic possibility of (...)
- Smart soldiers: towards a more ethical warfare.Femi Richard Omotoyinbo - 2023 - AI and Society 38 (4):1485-1491.It is a truism that, due to human weaknesses, human soldiers have yet to have sufficiently ethical warfare. It is arguable that the likelihood of human soldiers to breach the Principle of Non-Combatant Immunity, for example, is higher in contrast tosmart soldierswho are emotionally inept. Hence, this paper examines the possibility that the integration of ethics into smart soldiers will help address moral challenges in modern warfare. The approach is to develop and employ smart soldiers that are enhanced with ethical (...)
- Could the destruction of a beloved robot be considered a hate crime? An exploration of the legal and social significance of robot love.Paula Sweeney - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-7.In the future, it is likely that we will form strong bonds of attachment and even develop love for social robots. Some of these loving relations will be, from the human’s perspective, as significant as a loving relationship that they might have had with another human. This means that, from the perspective of the loving human, the mindless destruction of their robot partner could be as devastating as the murder of another’s human partner. Yet, the loving partner of a robot (...)
- Artificial virtuous agents: from theory to machine implementation.Jakob Stenseke - 2023 - AI and Society 38 (4):1301-1320.Virtue ethics has many times been suggested as a promising recipe for the construction of artificial moral agents due to its emphasis on moral character and learning. However, given the complex nature of the theory, hardly any work has de facto attempted to implement the core tenets of virtue ethics in moral machines. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate how virtue ethics can be taken all the way from theory to machine implementation. To achieve this goal, we (...)
- "Metropolis" Revisited...and Coming.John McClellan Marshall - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-8.This paper examines the societal paradigm shift growing from the tension between traditional institutional structures, in law and medicine for example, and the expansion of the human population. Similarly, the definition of “reality” in relation to the technological ability to create “virtual reality” in this environment is examined as a _cyberæsthetic_ component of this evolutionary process. The question is presented as to whether the mere algebraic expansion of the traditional systems is adequate to maintain the relationship between human beings and (...)
- A review of Robots Won’t Save Japan: An Ethnography of Eldercare Automation by James Wright. [REVIEW]Ngoc-Thang B. Le & Manh-Tung Ho - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Correction: Artificial intelligence as the new fire and its geopolitics.Manh-Tung Ho & Hong-Kong T. Nguyen - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-1.
- Artificial intelligence and the law from a Japanese perspective: a book review. [REVIEW]Manh-Tung Ho - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- What the digital world leaves behind: reiterated analogue traces in Mexican media art.David M. J. Wood - 2021 - AI and Society:1-10.How might experimental media art help theorise what falls by the wayside in the digital public sphere? Working in the years immediately following the launch of YouTube in 2005, some media artists centred their creative praxis towards the end of that decade upon rescuing, revalorising, and placing back into digital circulation audiovisual media formats and technologies that appeared aged or obsolete. Although there may be a degree of nostalgia behind such practices, these artworks articulate a cogent critique of the drive (...)
- Entropies and the Anthropocene crisis.Maël Montévil - 2021 - AI and Society:1-21.The Anthropocene crisis is frequently described as the rarefaction of resources or resources per capita. However, both energy and minerals correspond to fundamentally conserved quantities from the perspective of physics. A specific concept is required to understand the rarefaction of available resources. This concept, entropy, pertains to energy and matter configurations and not just to their sheer amount. However, the physics concept of entropy is insufficient to understand biological and social organizations. Biological phenomena display both historicity and systemic properties. A (...)
- Grasping AI: experiential exercises for designers.Dave Murray-Rust, Maria Luce Lupetti, Iohanna Nicenboim & Wouter van der Hoog - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-21.Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly integrated into the functioning of physical and digital products, creating unprecedented opportunities for interaction and functionality. However, there is a challenge for designers to ideate within this creative landscape, balancing the possibilities of technology with human interactional concerns. We investigate techniques for exploring and reflecting on the interactional affordances, the unique relational possibilities, and the wider social implications of AI systems. We introduced into an interaction design course (_n_ = 100) nine (...)
- Correction: Bowling alone in the autonomous vehicle: the ethics of well-being in the driverless car.Avigail Ferdman - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-1.
- Review of “AI assurance: towards trustworthy, explainable, safe, and ethical AI” by Feras A. Batarseh and Laura J. Freeman, Academic Press, 2023. [REVIEW]Jialei Wang & Li Fu - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Predicting and explaining with machine learning models: Social science as a touchstone.Oliver Buchholz & Thomas Grote - 2023 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 102 (C):60-69.Machine learning (ML) models recently led to major breakthroughs in predictive tasks in the natural sciences. Yet their benefits for the social sciences are less evident, as even high-profile studies on the prediction of life trajectories have shown to be largely unsuccessful – at least when measured in traditional criteria of scientific success. This paper tries to shed light on this remarkable performance gap. Comparing two social science case studies to a paradigm example from the natural sciences, we argue that, (...)
- Mind who’s testing: Turing tests and the post-colonial imposition of their implicit conceptions of intelligence.Fabian Fischbach, Tijs Vandemeulebroucke & Aimee van Wynsberghe - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-12.This paper aims to show that dominant conceptions of intelligence used in artificial intelligence (AI) are biased by normative assumptions that originate from the Global North, making it questionable if AI can be uncritically applied elsewhere without risking serious harm to vulnerable people. After the introduction in Sect. 1 we shortly present the history of IQ testing in Sect. 2, focusing on its multiple discriminatory biases. To determine how these biases came into existence, we define intelligence ontologically and underline its (...)
- Automated inauthenticity.Mark Ressler - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-10.Large language models and other generative artificial intelligence systems are achieving increasingly impressive results, though the quality of those results still seems dull and uninspired. This paper argues that this poor quality can be linked to the philosophical notion of inauthenticity as presented by Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, and that this inauthenticity is fundamentally grounded in the design and structure of such systems by virtue of the way they statistically level down the materials on which they are trained. Although it (...)
- Online Altruism: What it is and how it Differs from Other Kinds of Altruism.Katherine Lou & Luciano Floridi - forthcoming - Minds and Machines:1-26.Altruism is a well-studied phenomenon in the social sciences, but online altruism has received relatively little attention. In this article, we examine several cases of online altruism, and analyse the key characteristics of the phenomenon, in particular comparing and contrasting it against models of traditional donor behaviour. We suggest a novel definition of online altruism, and provide an in-depth, mixed-method study of a significant case, represented by the r/Assistance subreddit. We argue that online altruism can be characterized by its differing (...)
- Friend or foe? Exploring the implications of large language models on the science system.Benedikt Fecher, Marcel Hebing, Melissa Laufer, Jörg Pohle & Fabian Sofsky - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-13.The advent of ChatGPT by OpenAI has prompted extensive discourse on its potential implications for science and higher education. While the impact on education has been a primary focus, there is limited empirical research on the effects of large language models (LLMs) and LLM-based chatbots on science and scientific practice. To investigate this further, we conducted a Delphi study involving 72 researchers specializing in AI and digitization. The study focused on applications and limitations of LLMs, their effects on the science (...)
- Examining the assumptions of AI hiring assessments and their impact on job seekers’ autonomy over self-representation.Evgeni Aizenberg, Matthew J. Dennis & Jeroen van den Hoven - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-9.In this paper, we examine the epistemological and ontological assumptions algorithmic hiring assessments make about job seekers’ attributes (e.g., competencies, skills, abilities) and the ethical implications of these assumptions. Given that both traditional psychometric hiring assessments and algorithmic assessments share a common set of underlying assumptions from the psychometric paradigm, we turn to literature that has examined the merits and limitations of these assumptions, gathering insights across multiple disciplines and several decades. Our exploration leads us to conclude that algorithmic hiring (...)
- Towards a decolonial I in AI & Society.Victoria Vesna - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-2.
- Keep trusting! A plea for the notion of Trustworthy AI.Giacomo Zanotti, Mattia Petrolo, Daniele Chiffi & Viola Schiaffonati - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-12.A lot of attention has recently been devoted to the notion of Trustworthy AI (TAI). However, the very applicability of the notions of trust and trustworthiness to AI systems has been called into question. A purely epistemic account of trust can hardly ground the distinction between trustworthy and merely reliable AI, while it has been argued that insisting on the importance of the trustee’s motivations and goodwill makes the notion of TAI a categorical error. After providing an overview of the (...)
- Artificial intelligence and responsibility.Lode Lauwaert - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (3):1001-1009.In the debate on whether to ban LAWS, moral arguments are mainly used. One of these arguments, proposed by Sparrow, is that the use of LAWS goes hand in hand with the responsibility gap. Together with the premise that the ability to hold someone responsible is a necessary condition for the admissibility of an act, Sparrow believes that this leads to the conclusion that LAWS should be prohibited. In this article, it will be shown that Sparrow’s argumentation for both premises (...)
- Disagreement & classification in comparative cognitive science.Alexandria Boyle - forthcoming - Noûs.Comparative cognitive science often involves asking questions like ‘Do nonhumans have C?’ where C is a capacity we take humans to have. These questions frequently generate unproductive disagreements, in which one party affirms and the other denies that nonhumans have the relevant capacity on the basis of the same evidence. I argue that these questions can be productively understood as questions about natural kinds: do nonhuman capacities fall into the same natural kinds as our own? Understanding such questions in this (...)
- A Deontic Logic for Programming Rightful Machines: Kant’s Normative Demand for Consistency in the Law.Ava Thomas Wright - 2023 - Logics for Ai and Law: Joint Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Logics for New-Generation Artificial Intelligence (Lingai) and the International Workshop on Logic, Ai and Law (Lail).In this paper, I set out some basic elements of a deontic logic with an implementation appropriate for handling conflicting legal obligations for purposes of programming autonomous machine agents. Kantian justice demands that the prescriptive system of enforceable public laws be consistent, yet statutes or case holdings may often describe legal obligations that contradict; moreover, even fundamental constitutional rights may come into conflict. I argue that a deontic logic of the law should not try to work around such conflicts but, (...)
- On Political Theory and Large Language Models.Emma Rodman - forthcoming - Political Theory.Political theory as a discipline has long been skeptical of computational methods. In this paper, I argue that it is time for theory to make a perspectival shift on these methods. Specifically, we should consider integrating recently developed generative large language models like GPT-4 as tools to support our creative work as theorists. Ultimately, I suggest that political theorists should embrace this technology as a method of supporting our capacity for creativity—but that we should do so in a way that (...)
- AI-based healthcare: a new dawn or apartheid revisited?Alice Parfett, Stuart Townley & Kristofer Allerfeldt - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (3):983-999.The Bubonic Plague outbreak that wormed its way through San Francisco’s Chinatown in 1900 tells a story of prejudice guiding health policy, resulting in enormous suffering for much of its Chinese population. This article seeks to discuss the potential for hidden “prejudice” should Artificial Intelligence (AI) gain a dominant foothold in healthcare systems. Using a toy model, this piece explores potential future outcomes, should AI continue to develop without bound. Where potential dangers may lurk will be discussed, so that the (...)
- Online consent: how much do we need to know?Bartlomiej Chomanski & Lode Lauwaert - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-11.This paper argues, against the prevailing view, that consent to privacy policies that regular internet users usually give is largely unproblematic from the moral point of view. To substantiate this claim, we rely on the idea of the right not to know (RNTK), as developed by bioethicists. Defenders of the RNTK in bioethical literature on informed consent claim that patients generally have the right to refuse medically relevant information. In this article we extend the application of the RNTK to online (...)
- Machine invention systems: a (r)evolution of the invention process?Dragos-Cristian Vasilescu & Michael Filzmoser - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (3):829-837.Current developments in fields such as quantum physics, fine arts, robotics, cognitive sciences or defense and security indicate the emergence of creative systems capable of producing new and innovative solutions through combinations of machine learning algorithms. These systems, called machine invention systems, challenge the established invention paradigm in promising the automation of – at least parts of – the innovation process. This paper’s main contribution is twofold. Based on the identified state-of-the-art examples in the above mentioned fields, key components for (...)
- Online consent: how much do we need to know?Bartek Chomanski & Lode Lauwaert - forthcoming - AI and Society.This paper argues, against the prevailing view, that consent to privacy policies that regular internet users usually give is largely unproblematic from the moral point of view. To substantiate this claim, we rely on the idea of the right not to know (RNTK), as developed by bioethicists. Defenders of the RNTK in bioethical literature on informed consent claim that patients generally have the right to refuse medically relevant information. In this article we extend the application of the RNTK to online (...)
- Encountering ethics through design: a workshop with nonhuman participants.Anuradha Reddy, Iohanna Nicenboim, James Pierce & Elisa Giaccardi - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (3):853-861.What if we began to speculate that intelligent things have an ethical agenda? Could we then imagine ways to move past the moral divide ‘human vs. nonhuman’ in those contexts, where things act on our behalf? Would this help us better address matters of agency and responsibility in the design and use of intelligent systems? In this article, we argue that if we fail to address intelligent things as objects that deserve moral consideration by their relations within a broad social (...)
- The enhanced human vs. the virtuous human: a post-phenomenological perspective.Vahid Taebnia & Mostafa Taqavi - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (3):1057-1068.The new generations of bioenhancement technologies and traditional Virtue Theory both try to make a meaningful connection between the improvement of human states and characteristics on one hand, and attainment to the good life, on the other. Considering the main elements of virtuousness in Farabi’s thought—namely rational inquiry and deliberative insights, alongside volitional discipline within various social contexts, one can conclude that although the trajectories of enhancement technologies—be they in the field of genetic engineering, neurostimulation technologies, or pharmacology—do not in (...)
- Are machines radically contextualist?Ryan M. Nefdt - 2023 - Mind and Language 38 (3):750-771.In this article, I describe a novel position on the semantics of artificial intelligence. I present a problem for the current artificial neural networks used in machine learning, specifically with relation to natural language tasks. I then propose that from a metasemantic level, meaning in machines can best be interpreted as radically contextualist. Finally, I consider what this might mean for human‐level semantic competence from a comparative perspective.
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