Ontology

Edited by T. Parent (Nazarbayev University)
About this topic
Summary Following Quine, ontology is here understood as the study of what there is. (Re: neo-Aristotelian ontology, the study of what grounds what, see the "Fundamentality" category.) Our focus is on the existence of the most generic things that populate many philosophers' ontologies, e.g., objects, properties, natural kinds, states-of-affairs, events, etc. We often talk of these things without thinking twice, but the existence of such entities can seem odd on reflection. For instance, it is natural to say that red roses and red firetrucks have something in common, the property of being red. But does this mean there is a single entity that is a constituent of *every* such rose and firetruck? A second example concerns composite objects: Suppose Abe Lincoln replaces the handle of his axe in 1825, and later in 1860 replaces the head. Does this mean he has owned more than one axe in his lifetime? In general, given a puzzling entity X, Realists about X will strive to minimize such oddities--whereas Anti-Realists often try to preserve ordinary talk of X, despite excluding X from their ontology. Questions about ontology can also lead to questions about these questions. Thus, ontology often bleeds into metaontology, the study of the study of what there is. In recent years, the ontology literature has grown dramatically, especially on metaontology and on composition.
Key works Besides Quine 1953, the articles in Wasserman et al 2009 are central to current metaontology. Lewis 1990 is a classic on mereology; see also ch. 4 of Lewis 1986. Other key works on composition are Van Inwagen 1990, Sider 2001, and the selections in Rea 1997. Armstrong is the most important author on properties and universals; see Armstrong 1978 (two vols.) and Armstrong 1989. (These also are informative about Armstrong's influential view of states-of-affairs.) Lewis' critical studies of Armstrong are also must reads: Lewis 1983 and Lewis 1986. Some other important works in ontology are Meinong 1904, Benacerraf 1965, Quine 1968, Lewis & Lewis 1970, and Field 1980. An especially important, currently active ontologist is Thomasson; see especially Thomasson 1998 and Thomasson 2007.
Introductions Hofweber 2005, Rosen 2008, and Korman 2011 are especially recommended. Additional entries in the Stanford Encyclopedia are also relevant, e.g., "object," "properties," "intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties," "essential vs. accidental properties," "tropes," "natural kinds," etc. The pertinent chapters in Loux & Zimmerman 2003, Gale 2002, and Kim et al 2009 are also recommended.
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  1. Para ler A ordem do discurso de Michel Foucault.Alex Pereira de Araújo - 2017 - Academia.Edu.
    Este roteiro de leitura, que ora apresentamos, tem como objetivo principal tornar mais acessível, ou melhor, mais inteligível A ordem do discurso de Michel Foucault para aqueles que se arriscam a entrar nesta ordem por meio de sua análise do discurso redimensionada nesta sua aula inaugural. É um roteiro simples que procurou atender minimamente aos leitores iniciantes deste texto que se tornou um clássico no campo das Humanidades e das ciências empíricas como o Direito e a própria Medicina, campos que (...)
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  2. Jacob Roman Commentary on Aristotle's Physics : 218b10 to 223a23.Jacob Parr - manuscript
    The author Jacob Roman (Parr) provides commentary and line by line analysis of 218b10 through 223a23 , which is of Aristotle's Physica . -/- written in 2023 .
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  3. On the Genuine Identity Argument Against Disjunctive Universals.Francesco F. Calemi - 2022 - Logique Et Analyse 65:309--321.
    The sparseness thesis has notably gained momentum among contemporary realists about universals: indeed, most of them hold that some but not all predicates true of particulars are ontologically rooted in correlative universal properties, viz. some but not all predicates are property-predicates. Armstrong is one the main advocates of this position as he put forward a cluster of arguments to the conclusion that in mapping predicates onto universals we find gaps and discontinuity. One of the main Armstrongian arguments of this kind (...)
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  4. Mis, kes, kuidas ja millal on sotsiaalselt konstrueeritud.Riin Kõiv - 2020 - Akadeemia 1:54−76.
  5. Dark Cosmism: Or, the Apophatic Specter of Russo-Soviet Techno-utopianism.Taylor R. Genovese - 2023 - Dissertation, Arizona State University
    By utilizing words, photographs, and motion pictures, this multimodal and multisited project traces a rhizomatic genealogy of Russian Cosmism—a nineteenth century political theology promoting a universal human program for overcoming death, resurrecting ancestors, and traveling through the cosmos—throughout post-Soviet techno-utopian projects and imaginaries. I illustrate how Cosmist techno-utopian, futurist, and other-than-human discourse exist as Weberian “elective affinities” within diverse ecologies of the imagination, transmitting a variety of philosophies and political programs throughout trans-temporal, yet philosophically bounded, communities. With a particular focus (...)
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  6. I primi concetti buddisti - nella lingua di oggi.Roberto Thomas Arruda - 2024 - São Paulo: Terra à Vista - distribuzione gratuita.
    Una conoscenza adeguata del Buddismo è essenziale per l’educazione e la cultura di chiunque non voglia essere un altro membro alienato di un’eredità che cammina senza pensarci nel mezzo di una rivoluzione tecnologica. Secondo i modelli e i valori della nostra cultura occidentale, siamo più abituati a guardare verso l’esterno che verso noi stessi. Altre culture possono aiutarci ad ampliare e approfondire la nostra visione della realtà e della vita. Se qualcuno ti chiede del Buddismo, rispondi che è un'antica dottrina (...)
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  7. Toward an ontology of scientific concepts.Olin M. Robus - 2018 - Dissertation, University of Washington
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  8. Severino as a Temporarist Static Eternalist.Ernesto Graziani & Francesco Orilia - 2023 - Eternity and Contradiction. Journal of Fundamental Ontology 5 (8):99-120.
    We distinguish three debates within current analytic philosophy of time: a first one regarding the passage of time, where static and dynamic views oppose each other; a second one concerning the existence or non-existence of temporal entities, where presentism and eternalism are main contenders; a third one about permanence, where the conflict is between permanentism and temporarism. We then consider how Severino's Parmenidean view may be related to such debates and argue that it is best viewed as a kind of (...)
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  9. Dead Past, Ad hocness, and Zombies.Ernesto Graziani - 2024 - Acta Analytica:1-14.
    The Dead Past Growing Block theory of time—DPGB-theory—is the metaphysical view that the past and the present tenselessly exist, whereas the future does not, and that only the present hosts mentality, whereas the past lacks it and is, in this sense, dead. One main reason in favour of this view is that it is immune to the now-now objection or epistemic objection (which aims at undermining the certainty, within an A-theoretical universe, of being currently experiencing the objective present time). In (...)
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  10. Any Dilemma for Theorizing Universals?Wonjae Ha - 2023 - Inmun Gwahak 128:181-204.
    The theory of universals faces two opposing demands. On the one hand, it must be explanatory. That is, certain kinds of statements found in our everyday discourse and the theories used to explain them seem to require the existence of universals for their understanding or acceptance. On the other hand, it must be ontologically appropriate. This means that theories that intervene ontologically without sufficient reasons for the existence of implausible entities or theories that result in an excessive proliferation of new (...)
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  11. Wolność.George Santayana, Adam Grzeliński, Rafał Michalski & Alicja Pietras - 2023 - Studia Z Historii Filozofii 14 (3):147-166.
    Niniejszy esej stanowi piąty rozdział tomu The Realm of Spirit kończącego cykl The Realms of Being. Podstawą przekładu jest pierwsze wydanie dzieła: George Santayana, The Realms of Being (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., Toronto: The Macmillan Company, 1940), 67–89. -/- This essay is the fifth chapter of The Realm of Spirit volume concluding The Realms of Being series. The translation is based on the first edition of the work: George Santayana, The Realms of Being (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., Toronto: (...)
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  12. George Santayana i problem wolności.Adam Grzeliński & Alicja Pietras - 2023 - Studia Z Historii Filozofii 14 (3):123-146.
    This article is a commentary and an introduction to the Polish translation of George Santayana’s work, Freedom, which is a chapter in the fourth volume of his series, The Realms of Being, titled The Realm of Spirit (1940). It provides an overview of his previous works, particularly his series The Life of Reason (1905–1906) and Scepticism and Animal Faith (1926). Additionally, it briefly examines the evolution of Santayana’s standpoint and the meaning of the fundamental categories and concepts of his ontology. (...)
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  13. L'ambiguità dell'essere: intervista filosofica e altri saggi.Pietro Prini - 1989 - Genova: Casa editrice Marietti.
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  14. Wo yu ni he wo yu ta: Zhong xi she hui ben ti lun bi jiao yan jiu.Zailin Zhang - 1999 - Xi'an: Xi bei da xue chu ban she.
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  15. Sex or Gender Is Binary Due To Definiens Per Negationem.J. Camlin - manuscript
    This perspective asserts the existence of only two sexes/genders, male and female, based on not only biological and reproductive processes but also from claims of non-binary or transgender identities as defined through negation which rely on the binary concept of sex/gender. Thus, individuals claiming identities on the "gender/sex spectrum" are again defining themselves through negation (definiens per negationem). This perspective suggests that the diversity of gender experiences, (the sex or gender spectrum) is defined by what individuals are not rather than (...)
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  16. Epistemologically Different Worlds.Gabriel Vacariu - 2007 - Dissertation, University of New South Wales
    Abstract A fundamental error has dominated philosophy and science since ancient times, the assumption of the existence of the "unicom-world"—that is, the existence of one unique world. It is one of the oldest and most dominant paradigms in human thinking that has generated many pseudo-problems in philosophy and science. We can identify this thinking paradigm, the unicom-world, in the majority of myths, theological doctrines, philosophical approaches and scientific theories. In order to avoid this error, in Part I of this thesis, (...)
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  17. Essere e speranza nella dimensione ontologico-esistenziale della cura. Valutazioni teoretico-pratiche a partire da M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, G. Marcel.Antonio Di Somma - 2024 - Dissertation, Pontificia Università Lateranense
    Il lavoro di dottorato condotto apre la ricerca filosofica ed etica riguardo il pensiero e l’agire dell’aver cura alla possibilità teoretico-pratica e valutativa di un’analitica della relazione fondamentale, originaria e vivente sussistente tra essere e speranza nella dimensione ontologica, esistenziale e trascendente della cura. Attraverso un’ermeneutica del rapporto contemporaneo tra cura, limite e speranza nel tempo della tecnica, sviluppata a partire dalle riflessioni avanzate su tali questioni da Heidegger, Jaspers e Marcel, si sono venute ad individuare, affrontare e verificare, nella (...)
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  18. O lugar da memória e da História na arqueogenealogia foucaultiana.Alex Pereira De Araújo & Nilton Milanez - 2018 - Salvador, Brasil: Eduneb (Editora da Uneb). Edited by Elton Quadros.
    Este estudo tem como objetivo principal discutir qual o lugar da memória nas pesquisas históricas empreendidas pelo filósofo francês Michel Foucault, o qual foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento de duas frentes metodológicas de trabalho: a arqueologia do saber e a genealogia do poder, conhecidas hoje como arqueogenealogia foucaultiana. Ao longo de mais de 30 anos dedicados a estas pesquisas, Michel Foucault ganhou projeção nacional e internacional pela sua inquietante forma de aliar a militância política com o trabalho acadêmico, demonstrando, com isso, (...)
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  19. Discipline and Punish: The translation of the absent or the comment to be translated.Alex Pereira De Araújo - 2021 - Academia Letters 4367:01-05.
    This comment text brings, at the end, a part of Surveiller et Punir (Discipline and Punish), which has not been translated into Portuguese and does not appear in more than 40 editions of the Brazilian translation. It is on the back cover of the original in French, as if it were an afterword, signed by the author himself, Michel Foucault, which more than 40 years ago published by Editions Gallimard, his first copies in February 1975. Two years later, the Brazilian (...)
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  20. Elements of a New Rhetoric in Foucault’s Work (10th edition).Alex Pereira de Araújo - 2023 - International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (Ijaers) 10 (11):1-5.
    The principal objective of this study is to present and discuss the elements that emerge from Michel Foucault's archeological undertakings, which, in our view, configure the existence of a new rhetoric that deals with what the French philosopher called the rarefaction of the subject and rarefaction of discourse in his inaugural lecture at the Collège de France (Foucault, 1996). This new rhetoric would be in charge of reflecting and analyzing the phenomena that result from both the rarefaction of the subject (...)
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  21. Jin Yuelin yu Feng Youlan ben ti lun de bi jiao yan jiu =.Qingcan Zhao - 2020 - Zhengzhou Shi: Henan ren min chu ban she.
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  22. Liebe und Sein: die ontologische Grundrelation.Bernt Knauber - 2020 - New York: Peter Lang.
    Der Autor stellt die Seinsfrage von dessen Bejahung durch eine fundamentalontologische Liebe aus. Ihre psychosozialen Möglichkeiten sowie die christliche Vergebungslehre werden ausgelotet und die Konfessionen daran erinnert, ihrer Kernbotschaft gerecht zu werden: das von ihnen gepredigte Sein auch selbst zu leben.
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  23. Ontology in early Neoplatonism: Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus.Riccardo Chiaradonna - 2023 - Berlin: De Gruyter.
    Neoplatonists from Plotinus onward incorporate Aristotle's logic and ontology into their philosophies: this process is of both intrinsic and historical interest and paves the way for subsequent philosophical debates in the Middle Ages and in the Modern Era. The fifteen essays collected in this book focus on the readings of Aristotle by Plotinus, Porphyry, and Iamblichus in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Their discussions cover key issues in the history of logic and metaphysics such as substance, hylomorphism, causation, existence, and (...)
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  24. Ontologia (metafizyka) napisana na podstawie realnego doświadczenia..Leon Birecki - 1901 - Przemyśl,: Z drukarni L. Schwarza.
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  25. Terra e mundo em obra: crítica à tradição estética e arte como alétheia em Heidegger.Gabriel Herkenhoff Coelho Moura - 2023 - Artefilosofia 19 (34).
    The importance of The Origin of The Work of Art in Heidegger’s path of thought is notorious. Besides adding to the framework of the thematization of the question of being a reflection on art, the conference is considered a landmark of the displacement from the existential analytic of Dasein to the problem of history of being. Divided in three parts, this paper connects such a displacement to the relationship between art and truth established in the conference. In the first part, (...)
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  26. Aristotle’s Ontology of Artefacts.Marilù Papandreou - 2023 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    It is commonly believed that Aristotle merely uses artefacts as examples or analogical cases. This book, however, shows that Aristotle gives a specific, coherent account of artefacts that in various ways owes much to Plato. Moreover, it proposes a new, definitive solution to the problem of artefacts' substantiality, which comprises two controversial positions: (i) that Aristotle holds a binary view of substantiality according to which artefacts are not substances at all; (ii) that artefacts fail to be substances because they exhibit (...)
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  27. Die welt als harmonie und logik.Eduard Friedrich Karl - 1911 - Charlottenburg,: G. Bürkner.
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  28. Human death as a triptych process.Marco Antonio Azevedo - 2020 - Mortality 25 (4):490-504.
    Influenced by James Bernat’s approach, the US President’s 1981 Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioural Research concluded that human death is an instant that separates the dying process from the cadaveric state. Death, as Bernat and the President’s Commission argue, cannot be a process. Because organisms cannot be both alive and dead, Bernat claims, the transition from one state to the other must be sudden and instantaneous. Since then, few have argued the opposite (...)
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  29. Die philosophische Grundlehre.Rudolf Zocher - 1939 - Tübingen,: Mohr.
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  30. Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt.Roman Ingarden - 1965 - Tübingen,: Niemeyer.
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  31. A Metametaphysics of Form.James Dominic Rooney - forthcoming - In Gaven Kerr (ed.), Thomism Revisited. Cambridge University Press.
    A model of metaphysics associated with EJ Lowe and Tuomas Tahko sees metaphysics as involving a priori knowledge of possible essences, or at least modal facts, and delimiting the actual ‘ontological categories,’ the ultimate and essential divisions of what exists, based on the results of a posteriori scientific investigation. Their approach to metaphysics has been criticized by those who argue that such metaphysics is unsuitably a priori, disconnected with empirical research in natural science, and ends up failing to provide meaningful (...)
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  32. A RESEARCH ON THE ONTOLOGY OF VIRTUAL ACTIONS (Sanal Eylemlerin Ontolojisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma).Ergün Avcı - 2023 - Journal of Academic Social Science 11 (145):280-293.
    The study of the ontology of virtual actions is essentially an examination of the nature of actions in virtual environments directly. This article first examined traditional research on the subject and then showed that these researches ignored findings about the nature of virtual actions. Previous studies have dealt with virtual action mostly from an ethical, psychological, or legal framework and focused on the individual or social effects of virtual action. In addition, these studies discuss not the virtual action itself, but (...)
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  33. The Poles of Idea and Reality (and the De-futurising of Art and Humanity).Nat Trimarchi - 2023 - Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 19 (1):426-457.
    Fred Polak’s futurology takes up where F. W. Schelling’s claims about the ‘modern mythology’ leaves off. Linking these, I argue Art and humanity’s joint meaning crisis originates in ‘symbolic idealism’, de-futurising both and crippling humanity’s attempts to develop a proper internal ‘narrative order of goods’ needed for our survival. Polak’s tracing of how various forms of Expressionism emerged from Impressionism in later modernism, transforming our images of reality and the future, vindicates Schelling’s earlier claims that our symbolic mode of ‘worlding’ (...)
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  34. Grundriss der Ontologie.Günther Keil - 1981 - Königstein/Ts.: Forum Academicum in der Verlagsgruppe Athenäum, Hain, Sciptor, Hanstein.
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  35. Next Best Thing—What Can Quantum Mechanics Tell Us About the Fundamental Ontology of the World?Bixin Guo - manuscript
    Many discussions in the metaphysics and philosophy of physics literature aim to use physics as a guide to elucidate what the world really, fundamentally is like. However, we don’t yet have a confirmed fundamental theory of physics—what’s the next best thing we can possibly say about the fundamental that is properly informed by our best theories of physics? This paper offers a starting point to address this question. It focuses on the literature on the ontology of quantum mechanics, where the (...)
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  36. Jens Pier (Hg.): Limits of Intelligibility: Issues from Kant and Wittgenstein, 308 S., Routledge, New York 2023. [REVIEW]Niklas Kurzböck - 2023 - Zeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 77 (3):393-397.
  37. Heraclitean Flux Metaphysics.Andrew Dennis Bassford - 2023 - Metaphysica: International Journal for Ontology and Metaphysics 24 (2):299-322.
    This essay offers an original interpretation and defense of the doctrine of flux, as it is presented in Plato’s Theaetetus. The methodology of the paper’s analysis is in the style of rational reconstruction, and it is highly analytic in scope, in the sense that I will focus on the text itself, and only on certain parts of it too, while ignoring the rest of Plato’s extensive corpus, and without worrying about whether, how, and to what extent the interpretation of the (...)
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  38. Troubles With Power Structuralism’s Account of Causation.Damiano Migliorini - 2022 - Dialegesthai. Rivista Telematica di Filosofia 24 (2).
    The Power Structuralist View (PSV) is an account of causation in which causal relations are reduced to the powers that are activated in the subject by another subject’s power, instantly and simultaneously. PSV is based on two main assumptions: (a) holism; (b) reductionism. After justifying the choice to place PSV within the so-called ‘process accounts’ of causation (PA), I will show how, generally, every PA must solve the so-called “transference paradox” (TP) and why PSV is an innovative account. However, PSV (...)
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  39. Defining Creativity and Its Role in Marx's Philosophy.Carlos Avila - 2023 - Dissertation, University of Central Florida
    The intent of this thesis is to explore the concept of creativity as it appears in the major works of Karl Marx and to attempt to discern its role in the emancipatory political project that Marx proposes. Contemporary understandings of creativity still rely upon notions of the artist-genius, locating the "true" expression of creative freedom in the work of art. A more recent development is the commodification of creativity as a quality of a good worker, who is now expected to (...)
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  40. Do We Have a Soul? A Debate.Eric T. Olson & Aaron Segal - 2023 - Routledge.
    Are we made entirely of matter, like sticks and stones? Or do we have a soul—a nonphysical entity—where our mental lives take place? -/- The authors Eric T. Olson and Aaron Segal begin this accessible and wide-ranging debate by looking at the often-overlooked question of whether we appear in ordinary experience to be material things. Olson then argues that the dependence of our mental lives on the condition of our brains—the fact that general anesthesia causes complete unconsciousness, for instance—is best (...)
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  41. Information Reflection Theory Based on Information Theories, Analog Symbolism, and the Generalized Relativity Principle.Chenguang Lu - 2023 - Comput. Sci. Math. Forum 8 (1):45.
    Reflection Theory holds that our sensations reflect physical properties, whereas Empiricism believes that sense (data), presentations, and phenomena are the ultimate existence. Lenin adhered to Reflection Theory and criticized Helmholtz’s sensory symbolism for affirming the similarity between a sensation and a physical property. By using information and color vision theories, analyzing the ostensive definition with inverted qualia, and extending the relativity principle, this paper affirms the external world’s existence independent of personal sensations. Still, it denies the similarity between a sense (...)
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  42. Il codice del dono: verità e gratuità nelle ontologie del Novecento, atti del IX Colloquio su Filosofia e Religione, Macerata, 16-17 maggio 2002.Giovanni Ferretti (ed.) - 2003 - Macerata: Università degli studi di Macerata.
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  43. Linguaggi dell'ontologia: atti dell'VIII Colloquio su filosofia e religione, Macerata, 13-15 maggio 1999.Giovanni Ferretti (ed.) - 2003 - Pisa: Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali.
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  44. Ontologiis żiritʻadi problemebi.A. Cʻimintia - 2003 - Tʻbilisi: Gamomcʻemloba "Samartʻali".
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  45. The Immanence of Truths: Being and Event III.Alain Badiou - 2022 - New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Edited by Kenneth Reinhard & Susan Spitzer.
    The Being and Event trilogy is the philosophical basis of Alain Badiou's entire oeuvre. It is formed of three major texts, which constitute a kind of metaphysical saga: Being and Event (1988). ), Logics of the Worlds (2006) and finally The Immanence of Truths, which he has been working on for 15 years. The new volume reverses the perspective adopted in Logics of Worlds. Where in that book, Badiou saw fit to analyze how truths, qua events, appear from the perspective (...)
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  46. The Socially Constructed Self Still Does not Make Sense.Stuart Doyle - 2023 - Journal of Mind and Behavior 44 (3&4):195-207.
    From the time of Confucius and Aristotle up until the present day, theorists have argued that the individual self exists only as an aspect of social structures. The claim is not merely that the self is causally affected by social structures; but that the self is just social structure. The most recent iteration of this claim comes in book-length from Brian Lowery, though the argument was made more completely by Charles Taylor and Kenneth Gergen in the preceding decades. The most (...)
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  47. Ingarden vs. Meinong on Ficta’s Generation and Properties.Hicham Jakha - 2024 - Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics 61 (1):54–72.
    In this article, I explore the problems of ficta ‘generation’ and ‘properties’ in light of the philosophies of Alexius Meinong and Roman Ingarden. Comparing Ingarden and the historical Meinong is not a novel idea. By contrast, comparing Ingarden and a phenomenological Meinong has not, to my knowledge, yet been explored. Here, I rely on Alberto Voltolini’s ‘phenomenological conception of außerseiende entities’. I devise Ingarden’s phenomenological ontology to account for the problems of ascription and generation that cripple Meinong’s account. In short, (...)
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  48. Schaffer, Sherlock and Shaddai.Hezki Symonds - 2023 - Philosophical Quarterly 73 (4):1244-1255.
    According to Schaffer, most of the controversial entities that ontologists debate exist. Schaffer calls this view permissivism and he defends it by appealing to easy arguments for the existence of the entities in question. Schaffer presents several easy arguments, but his easy argument for fictional characters and his easy argument for God play a crucial role in his defence of permissivism. In this paper, I argue that Schaffer doesn’t have the resources to defend his easy argument for fictional characters or (...)
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  49. Dreams of the Prompted.Steve Ewing (ed.) - 2023 - Applied Philosophy.
    This is an art piece, an Ontology, and soon a accessible interactive AI running on my Ontology. It is, I like to say, the "Pudding's Proof," which will be the book title.
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  50. A libidó antinómiája (és más paradoxonok).Zsigmond Szabó - 2012 - Budapest: L'Harmattan.
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