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Summary

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the most influential thinker in modern western philosophy. 

The central doctrine of Kant’s theoretical philosophy is what he calls “transcendental idealism.”  This is, roughly, the view that there is a sharp distinction between things as they appear to us and things as they really are (in themselves). It is controversial what that distinction consists in or even how to characterize it, but it is clear that Kant wants to deny that things-in-themselves have spatio-temporal features.  Thus they are things that we can think about (‘noumena’) but not things that appear (‘phenomena’). 

Kant argues that we can only explain our knowledge of non-trivial (‘synthetic’) necessary principles -- including the principle according to which all events have causes --  if transcendental idealism is true.  He also thinks that distinguishing between phenomena and noumena leaves room for incompatibilist freedom, God, and the immortality of the soul (at the noumenal level). 

Kant places the notion of autonomy at the center of his moral and political philosophy, and argues that specific moral obligations are based in a very general principle called the Categorical Imperative.  This principle is fundamental to practical rationality and requires that we respect the autonomy of rational agents and refuse to make arbitrary exceptions for ourselves. 

In his early years, Kant was trained in the German rationalist tradition of Christian Wolff (1679–1750) and G. W. Leibniz (1646–1716). But he was influenced by the British Empiricists like John Locke (1632–1704), Isaac Newton (1642–1727), and David Hume (1711–1776). Later, Kant characterizes his Critical philosophy as a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. 

Kant’s massive influence is felt across the continental and analytic traditions. He is typically regarded as the forefather of German Idealism, and a key figure in the development of Existentialism, NeoKantianism (obviously), Phenomenology, Critical Theory, and even Post-Modernism. 

In the analytic tradition, Kant’s views were in the background of many of the debates in 20th-century epistemology and philosophy of mind. Kantian moral philosophy is one of the main positions in contemporary ethics, and Kantian political philosophy dominated most of the discussion in 20th and early 21st century political philosophy. Kant’s views about aesthetic judgment are central to many developments in the philosophy of art and art criticism. Kant is not a major figure in contemporary analytic metaphysics, however.

Key works

The three Critiques are the central texts for Kant’s “critical system”: Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), Critique of Power of Judgment (1790). His Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) is among the most influential works in modern ethics. Other major works include Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783), Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (1786), Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793)Metaphysics of Morals (1797), and Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (1798)

The standard German edition of Kant’s works is Königlichen Preußischen (later Deutschen) Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.), 1900–, Kants gesammelte Schriften, Berlin: Georg Reimer (later Walter De Gruyter). The standard English edition of Kant’s works is P. Guyer and A. Wood (eds.), 1992–, The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Introductions Good overall introductions include Wood 2004, Farrier 1994, and Guyer 2006Buroker 2006 offers a good introductory overview of Kant’s key text in theoretical philosophy. Cleve 1999 is a more advanced introduction for analytic philosophers. Gardner 1999 is an opinionated but very accessible introduction.  A good introduction to Kant's moral philosophy is Sedgwick 2008.
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Kant: Metaphysics and Epistemology (11,653 | 3,036)

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  1. Triebfeder, Zurechenbarkeit und empirische Psychologie: C. C. E. Schmids Handlungstheorie im Ausgang von Kant.Manja Kisner - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):77-99.
    C. C. E. Schmid began his academic career as a Kantian and became an influential commentator on Kant’s works. In the course of his career, however, he devoted himself increasingly to the philosophical treatment of empirical topics. Schmid’s turn towards the empirical is evident in his Attempt at a Moral Philosophy and is further developed in his Empirical Psychology and Physiology, Treated Philosophically. This paper examines Schmid’s change of perspective by focusing on his concept of moral imputability. It argues that (...)
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  2. Barbara Herman: Kantian Commitments. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. 222 pages. ISBN 978-0-19-284496-5. [REVIEW]Riccardo Pozzo - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):135-138.
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  3. The Value of Mere Willing: Revisiting Kant’s Argument for the Formula of the End in Itself.Tom Bailey - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):1-21.
    In this article I attempt to explain Kant’s notoriously obscure argument for the principle that every rational being should be treated as an “end,” and not merely as a means. I take my lead from the appearance in the argument of terms and ideas that he uses earlier in the Groundwork to express two distinctive features of moral value and to make a related claim about how moral value is achieved. I argue that, of the candidates for the “end” of (...)
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  4. Human Dignity and the Kingdom of Ends. Kantian Perspectives and Practical Applications. Ed. by Jan-Willem van der Rijt and Adam Cureton. New York/London: Routledge, 2022. 340 pages. ISBN: 978-0-367-46001-3. [REVIEW]Alejandro M. Berroterán - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):144-148.
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  5. Kant und das Problem moralischer Zurechenbarkeit: Zur frühen Diskussion.Jörg Noller - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):22-25.
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  6. Die Schuld der Trägheit. Fichte über moralische Zurechenbarkeit.Jörg Noller - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):100-112.
    This paper reconstructs Fichte’s theory of moral imputability. The paper argues that Fichte attempts to solve the problem of attributing immoral actions by introducing his concept of moral inertia, thereby drawing on Leibniz’s account. According to Fichte’s System of Ethics, moral inertia is not merely a state of moral passivity but can be attributed to laziness with regard to reflection, due to moral self-deception. The paper analyzes three kinds of moral self-deception and interprets them in light of what Fichte calls (...)
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  7. Kristi Sweet: Kant on Freedom, Nature, and Judgment. The Territory of the Third Critique, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. 222 Seiten. Online ISBN 9781009036634. [REVIEW]Luciano Perulli - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):139-144.
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  8. Die Frage der Zurechnung. Ein Aspekt in der Kontroverse zwischen Kant und Reinhold über Willensfreiheit.Martin Bondeli - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):54-76.
    In his understanding of imputation, developed centrally in the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant favors the point of view of the (real and ideal) judge who applies the moral law to an acting person. Reinhold, on the other hand, when speaking of imputation, emphasizes the role of the autonomous and scrupulous acting person. This is a consequence of his view that free will is the faculty of a morally capable person to decide for or against the moral law. Considering the relevant (...)
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  9. Wille, Willkür und moralische Zurechnung bei Johann Christoph Hoffbauer.Katerina Mihaylova - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):113-134.
    Moral judgements usually concern the moral responsibility of an acting person. Someone is considered praiseworthy or blameworthy for an action based on whether that action is in accordance with or against moral norms. On a Kantian account, the essential issue is the motivation of the acting person, as this is a criterion for being a moral cause of the action i.e. for intending it. Only moral causation permits the moral imputation of the action to the acting person, and moral motivation (...)
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  10. Ulrich, Kant und Kraus über Moralität und moralische Zurechenbarkeit.Silvan Imhof - 2025 - Kant Studien 116 (1):26-53.
    Kant’s doctrine of the compatibility of the causal determinism of the natural world with causation through freedom brought a new approach to the debate on freedom and necessity that did not meet with everyone’s approval. In 1788, Johann Heinrich August Ulrich presented his Eleutheriologie, a comprehensive critique of Kant’s doctrine and at the same time a proposal for a deterministic moral theory. Kant read the Eleutheriologie, as evidenced by a few notes, and his friend Christian Jakob Kraus published a review (...)
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  11. How is nature possible?: Kant's project in the First critique.Daniel N. Robinson - 2012 - New York, NY: Continuum.
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  12. Adorno's Secularization of Hope.Benjamin Randolph - 2023 - Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University
    This dissertation reconstructs and defends Theodor W. Adorno’s original conception of hope. I show that Adorno belongs to a tradition in modern philosophy of revising the concept of hope so that it fits the assumptions and expectations of individuals in modern society. I call this process of revision the “secularization of hope,” since the changes to the concept correspond to the general trends of secularizing societies. -/- Adorno, however, argues that there are fundamental impasses to secularizing hope. Traditionally, hope was (...)
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  13. List of ContributorsPrefaceAbbreviations of Kant's WorksIntroductionPart I: Key Writings1. Key Works The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God / The 'Inaugural Dissertation' / Critique of Pure Reason / Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science / Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals / Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science / Critique of Practical Reason / Critique of Judgment / Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason / Toward Perpetual Peace / Metaphysics of MoralsPart II: Kant's Contexts2. Philosophical and Historical Context Academy prize essay / Aristotelianism / J. A. Eberhard / Empiricism / Frederick the Great / French Revolution / Garve-Feder review / Herder / Francis Hutcheson / Königsberg / J. H. Lambert / Moses Mendelssohn / Physical influx / Pietism / Prussia / School Metaphysics / Adam Smith / Spinoza3. Sources and Influences Aristotle / Francis Bacon / A. Baumgarten / Cicero / C. [REVIEW]Kantian Normativity in Rawls, Korsgaard & Continental Practical PhilosophyPart V.: Bibliography6Kant BibliographyNotesIndex - 2015 - In Gary Banham, Nigel Hems & Dennis Schulting (eds.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Kant. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
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  14. Kant on the Despotic Danger of a World State – CORRIGENDUM.Bo Fang - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):519-519.
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  15. Robert Stern (1962–2024).Jessica Leech & Joe Saunders - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):347-350.
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  16. Kant on the Despotic Danger of a World State.Bo Fang - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):387-404.
    In this article, I argue that Kant’s real reason for rejecting a world state in practice is that a world state would be in greater danger of despotism than individual states. Kant hopes that public participation and self-enlightenment of the people in the public sphere could counter the despotic danger in individual states. However, in a world state, state affairs are too distant from the lives of individuals, making it difficult for individuals to maintain enthusiasm for public discourse and political (...)
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  17. Kant on Remorse, Conversion, and the Descent into the Hell of Self-Cognition.Benjamin Vilhauer - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):447-466.
    Kant’s conception of remorse has received little discussion in the literature. I argue that he thinks we ought to experience remorse for both retributivist and forward-looking reasons. This account casts helpful light on his ideas of conversion and the descent into the hell of self-cognition. But while he prescribes a heartbreakingly painful experience of remorse, he acknowledges that excess remorse can threaten rational agency through distraction and suicide, and this raises questions about whether actual human beings ought to cultivate their (...)
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  18. Jens Timmermann, Kant’s Will at the Crossroads: An Essay on the Failings of Practical Rationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. pp. xvi + 188. ISBN 9780192896032 (hbk) $80.00. [REVIEW]Patrick Frierson - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):513-518.
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  19. The Will of All in Kant’s Groundwork.T. A. Pendlebury - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):423-445.
    In Kant’s Groundwork II, the Formula of Universal Law (FUL) seems to be the argumentative link between the notion of a categorical imperative and later formulae (e.g. of humanity), its function as this link dependent on its equivalence to both. Some commentators have denied this equivalence and read the section as a failure. Others have abandoned its expository development by reading later formulae into the FUL. I argue that we need do neither if we distinguish the universality of the FUL (...)
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  20. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.), Kants gesammelte Schriften. Neuedition der Abtheilung I (Werke). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2023 -, 9 volumes. [REVIEW]Riccardo Pozzo - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):489-501.
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  21. Alain Séguy-Duclot, Kant, le premier cercle. La déduction transcendantale des catégories (1781 et 1787). Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2021. pp. 299. ISBN 9782406106838 (pbk) 29.00€. [REVIEW]Christian Onof & Dennis Schulting - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):508-513.
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  22. Michael Bennett McNulty (ed.), Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. xi + 280. ISBN 9781108661072 (hbk) $32.99. [REVIEW]David Hyder - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):506-508.
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  23. Stephen Howard, Kant’s Late Philosophy of Nature: The Opus Postumum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 73. ISBN: 9781009013765 (pbk) $22.00. [REVIEW]Jeffrey Edwards - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (3):501-506.
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  24. The Philosophy of Charles W. Mills: Race and the Relations of Power.Mark William Westmoreland (ed.) - 2025 - New York: Routledge.
  25. Elena Partene and Dimitri El Murr, eds. Kant et Platon: lectures, confrontations, héritages[REVIEW]John V. Garner - 2023 - Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
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  26. Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann, Idealism in Modern Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. pp. viii + 234. ISBN 9780192848574 (hbk.) $80.00. [REVIEW]Sabrina M. Bauer - forthcoming - Kantian Review:1-4.
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  27. Hume’s Scepticism and Kant’s Transcendental Deduction.Paul Tulipana & Dustin King - forthcoming - Kantian Review:1-21.
    Kant’s aim in the Transcendental Deduction is to prove that the a priori categories of the understanding necessarily apply to objects of experience. He claims that he will do this simply by explaining how they could so apply. But the idea that a mere explanation of this possibility should provide a defence of the categories’ actual (let alone necessary) applicability is surprising. We argue that it can be understood by attending to the source of the scepticism that the Critique’s Analytic (...)
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  28. Limits of intelligibility: Issues from Kant and Wittgenstein, edited by Jens Pier, New York and London, Routledge, 2023, pp. xii + 308, £108.00 (hb), ISBN: 9780367689629. [REVIEW]Francesco Gandellini - 2025 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 33 (1):195-200.
    The essays collected in this volume discuss, in different styles and to various extents, a relatively neglected theme in philosophy. This theme is the limits of intelligibility or, in the editor’s...
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  29. Kant y el cristianismo.Rogelio Rovira - 2021 - Barcelona: Herder.
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  30. Dictatorship and Insurrection in Schlegel’s Republicanism.Fiorella Tomassini - forthcoming - In Reidar Maliks & Elizabeth Widmer (eds.), Kantian Foundations of Democracy. Routledge.
    This chapters explores Schlegel’s view on transitional forms of republicanism in his Essay on the Concept of Republicanism Occasioned by the Kantian Tract Perpetual Peace (1796). These rightful – but necessarily temporally limited – types of collective action are insurrection and provisional dictatorship. These forms of republicanism are absent in Kant’s theory of right, as they are manifestly incompatible with his account of popular sovereignty. Since Schlegel endorses a different view of sovereignty, the people, and the state, he is able (...)
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  31. Begriffslogische und begriffsgeschichtliche Wegmarken zur "Kritik der reinen Vernunft": Interpretationen ausgewählter Stellen des ersten Teils.Martin Walter - 2022 - Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
    Kant urteilt: 'Wolffii Logic ist die beste, die man antrifft'. Und in der Kritik schreibt er: 'Im zukünftigen System der Metaphysik müssen wir dereinst der strengen Methode des berühmten Wolff, des grössten unter allen dogmatischen Philosophen, folgen'. Logik und Metaphysik bedingen einander. Ausgewählte, begriffslogische Wegmarken zur Kritik können den Lektüreweg folglich erleichtern. Texte der damaligen Schullogik (Gottsched, Marquardt etc.) verdeutlichen Kants Terminologie und erleichtern den Zugang zu seinen Gedanken. Kontrastierend wird eine Abgrenzung zur Logik der Idealisten vorgenommen.
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  32. "Mit dem Schönen ist es ganz anders bewandt.": eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Kritik der ästhetischen Urteilskraft.Jens Kulenkampff - 2022 - Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
    'It is quite different with the beautiful.' But what about it, then? According to Kant, this can only be revealed by analyzing the judgment by which we attribute beauty. Tracing the often-rocky path of this analysis, fraught with all sorts of pitfalls, in order to see how Kant arrives at the concept of beauty as a form of purposiveness without purpose, and what exactly this concept means, is still very rewarding. However, in doing so, it is important to defend Kant (...)
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  33. Praktische Philosophie bei Kant: Metaphysik und moralisches Selbstverständnis.Maximilian Forschner - 2022 - Darmstadt: Wbg Academic.
    'In die Metaphysik verliebt'...war Immanuel Kant, wie er selbst bekannte. Und so würdigt Maximilian Forschner in der hier vorgelegten Bilanz seiner jahrzehntelangen Beschäftigung mit Kants praktischer Philosophie zwar die innovative Leistung des grossen Philosophen, stellt sein Denken aber zugleich in den Traditionsrahmen der abendländischen Metaphysik. Diese Perspektive hat heute eine besondere Bedeutung und Aktualität, da Kant etwa durch Jürgen Habermas zu einem der Pioniere 'nachmetaphysischen' Denkens erhoben wurde"--Page 4 of cover.
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  34. Robert Clewis on Kant and Aesthetic Normativity.Jessica J. Williams - forthcoming - Kantian Review:1-7.
    In the Origins of Kant’s Aesthetics, Robert Clewis characterises Kant’s early views of aesthetic normativity in terms of a synthesis of a rationalist appeal to laws of sensibility and an empiricist appeal to rules of taste that are arrived at through consensus about great works of art. On the consensus approach, sharing the experience of beauty with others is itself a source of pleasure and normativity. For Clewis, the mature Kant no longer ties aesthetic normativity to sociality, but instead grounds (...)
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  35. American Reconstruction and the Abolition of Second Slavery: On Pascoe’s Intersectional Critique of Kant’s Theory of Labour.Elvira Basevich - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):229-237.
    To highlight the promise of Jordan Pascoe’s Kant’s Theory of Labour, my comments concern the diagnostic and prescriptive dimensions of the book’s excellent intersectional critique of dependent labour relations. The diagnostic dimension of Pascoe’s critique establishes that the organisation of dependent labour relations is a neglected problem of Kantian justice. The prescriptive dimension offers solutions to this problem but is underdeveloped. To enhance the book’s prescriptive dimension, I draw on the noted Africana philosopher W. E. B. Du Bois for guidance. (...)
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  36. Jordan Pascoe’s Kant’s Theory of Labour: A Kantian Engagement.Helga Varden - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):249-256.
    This article critiques Jordan Pascoe’s Kant’s Theory of Labour (CUP 2022). After outlining some of its many distinctive contributions, I consider Pascoe’s ideas on women, marriage, method, and the challenges involved in engaging with (classical) texts that express various ‘isms’. In addition to giving readers an introduction to many of the exciting ideas presented in the book, my aim is to stimulate further discussion of the kind all excellent books strive to create.
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  37. Kant’s Critique of the Ontological Argument: Comments on Ian Proops’s The Fiery Test of Critique.Anja Jauernig - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):277-287.
    The main interpretative claims in the chapter on Kant’s critique of the ontological argument in Ian Proops’s The Fiery Test of Critique are critically discussed.
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  38. ‘“I think” is the Sole Text of Rational Psychology’: Comments on Ian Proops’s The Fiery Test of Critique.Béatrice Longuenesse - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):299-308.
    I focus on two main points in Ian Proops’s reading of Kant’s Paralogisms of Pure Reason: the structure of the paralogisms in the A edition of the Critique of Pure Reason, and the changes in Kant’s exposition of the paralogisms from A to B. I agree with Proops that there are defects in the A exposition and that Kant attempted to correct those defects in B. But I argue that Proops fails to give its due to what remains fundamental in (...)
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  39. Andrew Jones, How Kant Matters for Biology. A Philosophical History Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2023 Pp. xii + 233 ISBN 9781786839732 (hbk) £75.00. [REVIEW]Anton Kabeshkin - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):331-334.
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  40. Proops’s ‘Nugget of Gold’ in Kant’s Dialectic.Desmond P. Hogan - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):267-275.
    The Fiery Test of Critique describes Kant’s indirect proof of idealism from the Antinomy of Pure Reason as the ‘nugget of gold’ in the Critique of Pure Reason’s Transcendental Dialectic. Here, I offer critical reflections on Proops’s reading of Kant’s indirect proof.
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  41. Ian Proops: Kant on Transcendental Freedom ( The Fiery Test of Critique: Chs. 11–12).Allen Wood - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):309-316.
    Kant’s position on the problem of free will can be perplexing and frustrating: all the real questions about human agential capacities or even about issues of moral imputability are empirical questions, which have empirical answers. But there remains a metaphysical or transcendental problem about the possibility of freedom, which is forever insoluble. Ian Proops’ discussion in The Fiery Test of Critique is to be commended for displaying the rare virtue of appreciating this last point and presenting Kant’s position about it (...)
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  42. Working Oneself Up and Universal Basic Income.Martin Sticker - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):239-247.
    I respond to a challenge raised by Jordan Pascoe: Kant’s conception of obtaining full citizenship through working oneself up necessarily condemns some people to passive citizenship. I argue that we should not focus on work to establish universal full citizenship. Rather, a Universal Basic Income, an income paid regularly to everyone and without conditions, can secure everyone’s full citizenship. Moreover, I argue that such a scheme is more Kantian in nature than hitherto assumed.
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  43. Followability, Necessity, and Excuse: Interpreting Kant’s Penal Theory.Robert Campbell - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):169-186.
    Philosophers traditionally interpret Kant as a retributivist, but modern interpreters, with reference to Kant’s theory of justice and problematic passages, instead propose penal theories that mix retributive and deterrent features. Although these mixed penal theories are substantively compelling and capture the Kantian spirit, their dual aspects lead to a justificatory conflict that generates an apparent dilemma. To resolve this dilemma and clear the ground for these mixed theories, I will outline and reinterpret Kant’s penal theory by situating it in his (...)
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  44. Understanding the First Paralogism: A Friendly Disagreement.Patricia Kitcher - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):289-298.
    My comments focus on Proops’s treatment of the Paralogisms. I agree with many aspects of his discussion, including his views about the project of Rational Psychology and his analyses of how, exactly, the arguments of the Paralogisms are defective in form, but I disagree with his interpretation of the First Paralogism. I argue that the source of confusion that Kant diagnoses is not the grammatical distribution of ‘I’ as singular, but the fact that the I-representation is both empty and necessary (...)
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  45. Luigi Filieri, Sintesi e Giudizio. Studio su Kant e Jakob Sigismund Beck Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2020 Pp. 342 ISBN 9788846758699 (pbk) €30.00. [REVIEW]Gualtiero Lorini - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):341-345.
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  46. Owen Ware, Kant on Freedom Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023 Pp. 64 ISBN 9781009074551 (pbk) £17.00. [REVIEW]Uygar Abaci - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):337-341.
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  47. ‘In Itself’: A New Investigation of Kant’s Adverbial Wording of Transcendental Idealism.Tobias Rosefeldt - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):209-227.
    This article offers the first systematic investigation of the linguistic forms in which Kant expresses his transcendental idealism since Gerold Prauss’ seminal book Kant und das Problem der Dinge an sich. It is argued that Prauss’ own argument for the claim that ‘in itself’ is an adverbial expression that standardly modifies verbs of philosophical reflection is flawed and that there is hence very poor exegetical evidence for so-called ‘methodological two-aspect’ interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism. A comprehensive investigation of Kant’s adverbial (...)
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  48. Between Faith and Judgement: Kant’s Dual Conception of Moral Certainty.Sara Di Giulio - 2024 - Kantian Review 29 (2):187-207.
    There are two main meanings in Kant’s concept of moral certainty (moralische Gewissheit, certitudo moralis): first, it applies to the kind of certainty embodied in rational faith in the existence of God and a future life; second, it applies to the conscientiousness (Gewissenhaftigkeit) required of an agent in the practice of moral judgement. Despite the growing attention to Kant’s theory of conscience and his concept of conscientiousness, this article is the first to discuss ‘moral certainty’ as the aim of ‘conscientiousness’ (...)
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  49. Animals, humans, and Kant.Leslie Stevenson - 2023 - Valencia: Tirant Humanidades.
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  50. La realizzazione della ragione: saggio su Kant e l'idealismo.Antonio Branca - 2024 - Pisa: Edizioni ETS.
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