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Experimental Philosophy: Ethics
Edited by Nora Heinzelmann (LMU Munich, University of Heidelberg)
About this topic
| Summary | Experimental moral philosophy explores issues in ethics using empirical methods, such as surveys to investigate people’s judgments about particular moral issues, brain imagining to examine the neural bases of moral judgment, and behavioral experiments to examine how various factors influence people’s moral behavior. A significant focus of this interdisciplinary work has been on people’s particular judgments concerning issues such as moral permissibility, moral responsibility, and moral relativism and on the roles of moral reasoning, moral intuitions, and moral emotions in our moral judgments. Such empirical research can help support or challenge various ethical theories that rely on assumptions about human psychology. |
| Key works | Key early works on the roles of reasoning, intuition, and emotion in moral judgment include Greene 2007, Haidt 2001, Cushman et al 2006, and Nichols & Mallon 2006. Key studies of moral responsibility include Knobe 2003, Nichols & Knobe 2007, Nahmias et al 2005, Cushman 2008, and Young et al 2007. |
| Introductions | For an introduction to issues in experimental moral philosophy, see Doris 2010, Knobe et al 2012, and Appiah 2008. |
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- Does trait interpersonal fairness moderate situational influence on fairness behavior?Blaine Fowers, Bradford Cokelet & 5 Other Authors in Psychology - 2022 - Personality and Individual Differences 193 (July 2022).Although fairness is a key moral trait, limited research focuses on participants' observed fairness behavior because moral traits are generally measured through self-report. This experiment focused on day-to-day interpersonal fairness rather than impersonal justice, and fairness was assessed as observed behavior. The experiment investigated whether a self-reported fairness trait would moderate a situational influence on observed fairness behavior, such that individuals with a stronger fairness trait would be less affected by a situational influence than those with a weaker fairness trait. (...)
- Does use of a decision-making model improve the quality of school psychologists’ ethical decisions?Dana E. Boccio - 2021 - Ethics and Behavior 31 (2):119-135.ABSTRACT School psychologists are frequently confronted with ethically challenging situations arising from the need to balance multiple parties’ competing interests and the challenge of serving as both student advocate and school employee. Use of a systematic decision-making model has been recommended as a way of improving the quality of school psychologists’ ethical decisions. In the present study, school psychology practitioners were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: a Critical Evaluative condition, requiring the use of a problem-solving approach to resolve (...)
- Factors that impact on emergency nurses’ ethical decision-making ability.Barbara Alba - 2018 - Nursing Ethics 25 (7):855-866.Background: Reliance on moral principles and professional codes has given nurses direction for ethical decision-making. However, rational models do not capture the emotion and reality of human choice. Intuitive response must be considered. Research purpose: Supporting intuition as an important ethical decision-making tool for nurses, the aim of this study was to determine relationships between intuition, years of worked nursing experience, and perceived ethical decision-making ability. A secondary aim explored the relationships between rational thought to years of worked nursing experience (...)
- Not Walking the Walk: How Dual Attitudes Influence Behavioral Outcomes in Ethical Consumption.Rahul Govind, Jatinder Jit Singh, Nitika Garg & Shachi D’Silva - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 155 (4):1195-1214.Although consumers increasingly claim to demand ethical products and state that they are willing to reward firms that are ethical, studies have highlighted that there is a significant gap between consumers’ explicit attitudes toward ethical products and their actual purchase behavior. This has major implications for firm policies revolving around business ethics. This research contributes to the understanding of the attitude–behavior gap in ethical consumption that literature has identified but not explored much. We utilize the model of dual attitudes as (...)
- Should More Be Saved? Diversity in Utilitarian Moral Judgment.Corinna Michelin, Sandra Pellizzoni, Michael Siegal & Maria Tallandini - 2010 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 10 (1-2):153-169.In three experiments involving 104 children and 86 adults we investigated the extent to which harm brought about by physical contact is judged to be worse than harm caused by impersonal, no-contact actions. In Experiment 1, Italian monolingual children aged 4 to 6 were asked to indicate whether they would prioritize saving five persons through contact over saving three persons without contact with both courses of action involving harm to a single victim. A preference for saving more persons did not (...)
- Enhancing students’ moral competence in practice.Eva Merethe Solum, Veronica Mary Maluwa, Bodil Tveit & Elisabeth Severinsson - 2016 - Nursing Ethics 23 (6):685-697.Background: Nurses and student nurses in Malawi often encounter challenges in taking a moral course of action. Several studies have demonstrated a need for increased awareness of ethical issues in the nursing education. Objective: To explore the challenges experienced by nurse teachers in Malawi in their efforts to enhance students’ moral competence in clinical practice. Research design: A qualitative hermeneutic approach was employed to interpret the teachers’ experiences. Participants and research context: Individual interviews (N = 8) and a focus group (...)
- Positive and Negative Antecedents of Purchasing Eco-friendly Products: A Comparison Between Green and Non-green Consumers.Camilla Barbarossa & Patrick De Pelsmacker - 2016 - Journal of Business Ethics 134 (2):229-247.This study aims to analyze what drives and prevents the purchasing of eco-friendly products across different consumer groups and develops a conceptual model embracing the positive altruistic, positive ego-centric, and negative ego-centric antecedents of eco-friendly product purchase intention and behavior. We empirically validate the conceptual model for green and non-green consumers. Data are analyzed using structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis of the two groups. The results confirm the relevance of the determining factors in the model and show significant differences (...)
- Management Students’ Attitudes Toward Business Ethics: A Comparison Between France and Romania.Daniel Bageac, Olivier Furrer & Emmanuelle Reynaud - 2011 - Journal of Business Ethics 98 (3):391-406.This study focuses on the differences in the perception of business ethics across two groups of management students from France and Romania (n = 220). Data was collected via the ATBEQ to measure preferences for three business philosophies: Machiavellianism, Social Darwinism, and Moral Objectivism. The results show that Romanian students present more favorable attitudes toward Machiavellianism than French students; whereas, French students valued Social Darwinism and Moral Objectivism more highly. For Machiavellianism and Moral Objectivism the results are consistent with the (...)
- (2 other versions)Subjective probability assessments of the incidence of unethical behavior: the importance of scenario-respondent fit.Darlene Bay & Alexey Nikitkov - 2011 - Business Ethics: A European Review 20 (1):1-11.Largely due to the difficulty of observing behavior, empirical business ethics research relies heavily on the scenario methodology. While not disputing the usefulness of the technique, this paper highlights the importance of a careful assessment of the fit between the context of the situation described in the scenario and the knowledge and experience of the respondents. Based on a study of online auctions, we provide evidence that even respondents who have direct knowledge of the situation portrayed in the scenario may (...)
- Deconstructing the elephant and the flag in the lavatory: promises and problems of moral foundations research.Helen Haste - 2013 - Journal of Moral Education 42 (3):316-329.Moral Foundations research offers rich promise, opening up key questions about how affect and cognition are integrated in moral response, and exploring how different moral discourses may supply meaning and valence to moral experience. Haidt and his colleagues also associate different discourses with different political positions. However I address three problematic areas. First to what extent Haidt has succeeded in transcending the traditional dichotomy of affect and cognition, and created an integrative model of how moral intuitions actually work. Second, the (...)
Experimental Philosophy: Bioethics
- Sociedade Autômata: A máquina no controle.Elen Nas - forthcoming - Editora Unifeso.The respect for autonomy is a fundamental value in bioethics. However, a society mediated by technological means has revealed that autonomy is often illusory. To understand what makes digital media efficient in spreading fake news, and strengthening manipulations capable of changing the political and social destiny of a country, we must analyze the functioning of the ‘automated society’ and the ideas that support it. Behaviorism stands out among the influences that most conflict with autonomy since it defends the concept of (...)
- Moral Intuition Regarding the Possibility of Conscious Human Brain Organoids: An Experimental Ethics Study.Koji Ota, Tetsushi Tanibe, Takumi Watanabe, Kazuki Iijima & Mineki Oguchi - 2024 - Science and Engineering Ethics 31 (1):1-19.The moral status of human brain organoids (HBOs) has been debated in view of the future possibility that they may acquire phenomenal consciousness. This study empirically investigates the moral sensitivity in people’s intuitive judgments about actions toward conscious HBOs. The results showed that the presence/absence of pain experience in HBOs affected the judgment about the moral permissibility of actions such as creating and destroying the HBOs; however, the presence/absence of visual experience in HBOs also affected the judgment. These findings suggest (...)
- Does Momentary Outcome‐Based Reflection Shape Bioethical Views? A Pre‐Post Intervention Design.Carme Isern-Mas, Piotr Bystranowski, Jon Rueda & Ivar R. Hannikainen - 2024 - Cognitive Science 48 (11):e70009.Many bioliberals endorse broadly consequentialist frameworks in normative ethics, implying that a progressive stance on matters of bioethical controversy could stem from outcome-based reasoning. This raises an intriguing empirical prediction: encouraging outcome-based reflection could yield a shift toward bioliberal views among nonexperts as well. To evaluate this hypothesis, we identified empirical premises that underlie moral disagreements on seven divisive issues (e.g., vaccines, abortion, or genetically modified organisms). In exploratory and confirmatory experiments, we assessed whether people spontaneously engage in outcome-based reasoning (...)
- Prescription for Love: An Experimental Investigation of Laypeople’s Relative Moral Disapproval of Love Drugs.Anthony Lantian, Jordane Boudesseul & Florian Cova - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 15 (4):218-233.New technologies regularly bring about profound changes in our daily lives. Romantic relationships are no exception to these transformations. Some philosophers expect the emergence in the near future of love drugs: a theoretically achievable biotechnological intervention that could be designed to strengthen and maintain love in romantic relationships. We investigated laypeople’s resistance to the use of such technologies and its sources. Across two studies (Study 1, French and Peruvian university students, N after exclusion = 186; Study 2, Amazon Mechanical Turk (...)
- Bioethicists Today: Results of the Views in Bioethics Survey.Leah Pierson, Sophie Gibert, Leila Orszag, Haley K. Sullivan, Rachel Yuexin Fei, Govind Persad & Emily A. Largent - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (9).Bioethicists influence practices and policies in medicine, science, and public health. However, little is known about bioethicists’ views. We recently surveyed 824 U.S. bioethicists on a wide range of ethical issues, including topics related to abortion, medical aid in dying, and resource allocation, among others. We also asked bioethicists about their demographic, religious, academic, and professional backgrounds. We find that bioethicists’ normative commitments predict their views on bioethical issues. We also find that, in important ways, bioethicists’ views do not align (...)
- One R or the other – an experimental bioethics approach to 3R dilemmas in animal research.Christian Rodriguez Perez, David M. Shaw, Brian D. Earp, Bernice S. Elger & Kirsten Persson - 2024 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy (4):497-512.Sacrificial dilemmas such as the trolley problem play an important role in experimental philosophy (x-phi). But it is increasingly argued that, since we are not likely to encounter runaway trolleys in our daily life, the usefulness of such thought experiments for understanding moral judgments in more ecologically valid contexts may be limited. However, similar sacrificial dilemmas are experienced in real life by animal research decision makers. As part of their job, they must make decisions about the suffering, and often the (...)
- Moral Attitudes Toward Pharmacologically Assisted Couples Therapy: An Experimental Bioethics Study of Real-World 'Love Drugs'.Mey Bahar Buyukbabani, Brian D. Earp, Ivar Hannikainen, Tommaso Barba, Emilian Mihailov, David B. Yaden & Julian Savulescu - forthcoming - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience.In a recent study, Lantian and colleagues (2024) measured public attitudestoward the use of ‘love drugs’ as introduced through the work of Earp,Savulescu, and their collaborators. Use of a “revolutionary pill” (described as“100% reliable”) to bring about love is seen as less morally acceptable thanpsychological therapy toward the same end, and this is partly explained byperceptions that the pill-induced love is less authentic. However, the “pill” inquestion bears little resemblance to the real-world uses of love drugs discussedby Earp and Savulescu, (...)
- Experimental Bioethics: Snapshot of a Burgeoning Discipline.Jonathan Lewis, Christopher Register & Brian D. Earp - forthcoming - In Jonathan Ives & Lucy Frith (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Empirical Bioethics. London: Routledge.Remove from this listExport citation
Bookmark - Legal Provisions on Medical Aid in Dying Encode Moral Intuition.Ivar Hannikainen, Jorge Suárez, Luis Espericueta, Maite Menéndez-Ferreras & David Rodríguez-Arias - forthcoming - Preprint.In recent decades, many jurisdictions have moved toward legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide—together with a growing recognition of the moral right to a medically assisted death. Herewe draw on a comprehensive quantitative review of existing laws on assisted dying, experimental survey evidence, and four decades of time-series data to explore the relationship between these legislative transitions and changing moral attitudes. Our analysis reveals that existing laws on medical aid in dying impose a common set of eligibility restrictions, based on the (...)
- The True Self and Decision-Making Capacity.James Toomey, Jonathan Lewis, Ivar R. Hannikainen & Brian D. Earp - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (8):86-88.Jennifer Hawkins (2024) offers two cases that challenge traditional accounts of decision-making capacity, according to which respect for a medical decision turns on an individual’s cognitive capacities at the time the decision is made (Hawkins 2024; Appelbaum and Grisso 1988). In each of her described cases (involving anorexia nervosa and grief, respectively), a patient makes a decision that—although instrumentally rational at the time—does not reflect the patient’s longer-term values due to being in a particular psychological state. Importantly, this state does (...)
- If Marc is Suzanne’s father, does it follow that Suzanne is Marc’s child? An experimental philosophy study in reproductive ethics.Kristien Hens, Emma Moormann, Anna Smajdor & Daniela Cutas - 2024 - Journal of Medical Ethics.In this paper, we report the results from an experimental reproductive ethics study exploring questions about reproduction and parenthood. The main finding in our study is that, while we may assume that everyone understands these concepts and their relationship in the same way, this assumption may be unwarranted. For example, we may assume that if ‘x is y’s father’, it follows that ‘y is x’s child’. However, the participants in our study did not necessarily agree that it does follow. This (...)
- Experimental Bioethics and the Case for Human Enhancement.Blanca Rodríguez López - 2024 - In Hugo Viciana, Antonio Gaitán & Fernando Aguiar González (eds.), Experiments in moral and political philosophy. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 271-289.
- Acceptance of euthanasia by students of selected study disciplines at universities in Lublin, Poland.Stanisław Lachowski, Bogusława Lachowska & Magdalena Florek-Łuszczki - 2024 - BMC Medical Ethics 25 (1):1-11.Background In the context of discussions between supporters and opponents of euthanasia, and legal regulations regarding this type of practices, the attitude of young people with respect to this phenomenon is a very interesting issue. According to Polish law, euthanasia is prohibited. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of acceptance of euthanasia among students from Polish universities across three different fields of study: psychology, medicine, and economic-technical disciplines, and to identify the factors associated with the acceptance (...)
- Experimental Philosophical Bioethics, Advance Directives and the True Self in Dementia.Brian D. Earp, Ivar R. Hannikainen, Samuel Dale & Stephen R. Latham - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 259-284.In the present chapter, we seek to better understand how lay people reason about the “true self” of a person with advancing dementia. We are also interested in how such reasoning bears on laypeople’s views about the validity or invalidity of an advance directive (AD) regarding that person’s treatment. Toward that end, we will report the results of two empirical studies we undertook to gain insights into this relationship: namely, between judgments about the true self and whether to follow an (...)$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Blaming the Mother? A Philosophical Vignette Study on (Non-)Identity, Disability and Quality of Life.Emma Moormann - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 233-258.The Non-Identity Problem, first discussed by Derek Parfit in the 1970s, continues to inspire and trouble many philosophers across various disciplines. Ongoing debates in procreative ethics show its relevance in philosophy of medicine. This chapter reports an experimental philosophy study that aims to investigate whether the central role of the problem is justified given lay people’s intuitions about related vignettes. The study focuses on two assumptions underlying the typical use of the Non-Identity Problem. Firstly, I investigate whether a diverse sample (...)$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark 1 citation
- Death and Personal Identity: An Empirical Study on Folk Metaphysics.Ivars Neiders & Vilius Dranseika - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 191-214.The present chapter explores conceptual links in folk cognition between death, existence and personal identity. There is some evidence that people’s judgments about death determination differ relatively widely (Dranseika and Neiders 2018, Neiders and Dranseika 2020). If folk judgements about death differ between people, however, can those differences at least in some degree be driven by people’s beliefs about what we are, when we cease to exist and whether ceasing to exist is identical to death (so-called Termination Thesis)? In order (...)$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- (1 other version)The History of the Concept of Pain: How the Experts Came to be Out of Touch with the Folk.Benjamin Goldberg, Kevin Reuter & Justin Sytsma - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 173-190.In this chapter we consider the tension between how pain researchers today typically define pain and the dominant, ordinary conception of pain. While both philosophers and pain scientists define pains as experiences, taking this to correspond with the ordinary understanding, recent empirical evidence indicates that laypeople tend to think of pains as qualities of bodily states. How did this divide come about? To answer, we sketch the historical origins of the concept of pain in Western medicine, providing evidence that during (...)$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Does the Lay Concept of Mental Disorder Necessitate a Dysfunction?Gaetan Beghin & Luc Faucher - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 71-96.Philosophers have been particularly interested in providing an analysis of the concept of mental disorder that could accommodate and guide psychiatric practices (for example diagnostics, therapy, epidemiology, etc.). One of the most discussed propositions is Jerome Wakefield’s “Harmful Dysfunction Analysis” (henceforth HDA). Inspired by Wakefield’s own foray into experimental philosophy, we propose in this paper to test folk people’s intuitions on a wider number of mental disorders than he did as well as in different condition in which the symptoms could (...)$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- The Folk Concept of Disease.Edouard Machery - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 51-70.This chapter examines the folk concept of disease by assessing (1) whether disease judgments are influenced by whether a condition is typical, dysfunctional, and disvalued and (2) whether they are influenced by the causes and symptoms of a condition. Results tentatively suggest that the folk concept of disease is naturalistic (i.e., value judgments don’t seem to matter) and perhaps not essentially causal (symptoms are sufficient for a condition to be a disease) and that gender and disgust sensitivity influence disease judgment.$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Introduction: Whither (Experimental) Philosophy of Medicine?Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1-10.This chapter describes the field of philosophy of medicine and its methods. We discuss the history and potential of experimental approaches in philosophy of medicine. We give an overview of the chapters in the book.$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark 1 citation
- Motivational Enhancement: What Ancient Technologies of the Self and Recent Biotechnologies Have in Common.Cristian Iftode - 2024 - The New Bioethics 30 (1):47-62.Motivational enhancement of any kind can be conceived of either as a way to reduce the need for effort, or as a change in the subjective perception of effort. However, in both cases, effort is not all that matters. In the evaluation of praiseworthy conduct, the practical goals pursued by the subject, their dedication, and the discernment they exercise are equally important. I further argue that not only in terms of the general purpose, but also in terms of the means (...)
- Pragmatism and Experimental Bioethics.Henrik Rydenfelt - 2024 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 33 (2):174-184.Pragmatism gained considerable attention in bioethical discussions in the early 21st century. However, some dimensions and contributions of pragmatism to bioethics remain underexplored in both research and practice. It is argued that pragmatism can make a distinctive contribution to bioethics through its concept, developed by Charles S. Peirce and John Dewey, that ethical issues can be resolved through experimental inquiry. Dewey’s proposal that policies can be confirmed or disconfirmed through experimentation is developed by comparing it to the confirmation of scientific (...)
- Experiments in moral and political philosophy.Hugo Viciana, Antonio Gaitán & Fernando Aguiar González (eds.) - 2024 - New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.This volume presents new research on the use of experimental methodologies in moral and social philosophy. The contributions reflect the growing plurality of methodologies and strategies for implementing experimental work on morality to new domains, problems, and topics. Philosophers are exploring the ways in which empirical approaches can transform our idea of the good, our understanding of the social nature of norms and morality, as well as our methods of fulfilling ethical goals. The chapters in this volume extend experimental work (...)
- How stable are moral judgements? A longitudinal study of context dependency in attitudes towards patient responsibility.Berit H. Bringedal & Karin Isaksson Rø - 2024 - BMC Medical Ethics 25 (1):1-9.Background Whether patients' life-style should involve lower priority for treatment is a controversial question in bioethics. Less is known about clinicians' views. Aim To study how clinical doctors' attitudes to questions of patient responsibility and priority vary over time. Method Surveys of doctors in Norway in 2008, 2014, 2021. Questionnaires included statements about patients' lifestyle's significance for priority to care, and vignettes of priority cases (only in 2014). Results Attitudes were fairly stable between 2008 and 2021. 17%/14% agreed that patients' (...)
- Advance Medical Decision-Making Differs Across First- and Third-Person Perspectives.James Toomey, Jonathan Lewis, Ivar R. Hannikainen & Brian D. Earp - 2024 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 15 (4):237-245.Background Advance healthcare decision-making presumes that a prior treatment preference expressed with sufficient mental capacity (“T1 preference”) should trump a contrary preference expressed after significant cognitive decline (“T2 preference”). This assumption is much debated in normative bioethics, but little is known about lay judgments in this domain. This study investigated participants’ judgments about which preference should be followed, and whether these judgments differed depending on a first-person (deciding for one’s future self) versus third-person (deciding for a friend or stranger) perspective. (...)
- Stakeholders’ Ethical Concerns Regarding Psychiatric Electroceutical Interventions: Results from a US Nationwide Survey.R. Bluhm, E. D. Sipahi, E. D. Achtyes, A. M. McCright & L. Y. Cabrera - 2024 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 15 (1):11-21.Background Psychiatric electroceutical interventions (PEIs) use electrical or magnetic stimulation to treat mental disorders and may raise different ethical concerns than other therapies such as medications or talk therapy. Yet little is known about stakeholders’ perceptions of, and ethical concerns related to, these interventions. We aimed to better understand the ethical concerns of a variety of stakeholder groups (patients with depression, caregivers of patients, members of the public, and psychiatrists) regarding four PEIs: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), (...)
- The Influence of Using Novel Predictive Technologies on Judgments of Stigma, Empathy, and Compassion among Healthcare Professionals.Daniel Z. Buchman, Daphne Imahori, Christopher Lo, Katrina Hui, Caroline Walker, James Shaw & Karen D. Davis - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 15 (1):32-45.Background Our objective was to evaluate whether the description of a machine learning (ML) app or brain imaging technology to predict the onset of schizophrenia or alcohol use disorder (AUD) influences healthcare professionals’ judgments of stigma, empathy, and compassion. Methods We randomized healthcare professionals (N = 310) to one vignette about a person whose clinician seeks to predict schizophrenia or an AUD, using a ML app, brain imaging, or a psychosocial assessment. Participants used scales to measure their judgments of stigma, (...)
- Health, Disease, and the Medicalization of Low Sexual Desire: A Vignette-Based Experimental Study.Somogy Varga, Andrew J. Latham & Jacob Stegenga - forthcoming - Ergo.Debates about the genuine disease status of controversial diseases rely on intuitions about a range of factors. Adopting tools from experimental philosophy, this paper explores some of the factors that influence judgments about whether low sexual desire should be considered a disease and whether it should be medically treated. Drawing in part on some assumptions underpinning a divide in the literature between viewing low sexual desire as a genuine disease and seeing it as improperly medicalized, we investigate whether health and (...)
- Applying the ecosystem approach to global bioethics: building on the Leopold legacy.Antoine Boudreau LeBlanc & Bryn Williams-Jones - 2023 - Global Bioethics 34 (1):2280289.For Van Rensselaer Potter (1911–2001), Global Bio-Ethics is about building on the legacy of Aldo Leopold (1887–1948), one of the most notable forest managers of the twentieth century who brought to light the importance of pragmatism in the sciences and showed us a new way to proceed with environmental ethics. Following Richard Huxtable and Jonathan Ives's methodological 'Framework for Empirical Bioethics Research Projects' called 'Mapping, framing, shaping,' published in BMC Medicine Ethics (2019)), we propose operationalizing a framework for Global Bio-Ethics (...)
- Stop agonising over informed consent when researchers use crowdsourcing platforms to conduct survey research.Jonathan Lewis, Vilius Dranseika & Søren Holm - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (4):343-346.Research ethics committees and institutional review boards spend considerable time developing, scrutinising, and revising specific consent processes and materials for survey-based studies conducted on crowdsourcing and online recruitment platforms such as MTurk and Prolific. However, there is evidence to suggest that many users of ICT services do not read the information provided as part of the consent process and they habitually provide or refuse their consent without adequate reflection. In principle, these practices call into question the validity of their consent. (...)
- How Interactive Visualizations Compare to Ethical Frameworks as Stand-Alone Ethics Learning Tools for Health Researchers and Professionals.Joanna Sleigh, Kelly Ormond, Manuel Schneider, Elsbeth Stern & Effy Vayena - 2023 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 14 (4):197-207.Background Despite the bourgeoning of digital tools for bioethics research, education, and engagement, little research has empirically investigated the impact of interactive visualizations as a way to translate ethical frameworks and guidelines. To date, most frameworks take the format of text-only documents that outline and offer ethical guidance on specific contexts. This study’s goal was to determine whether an interactive-visual format supports frameworks in transferring ethical knowledge by improving learning, deliberation, and user experience.Methods An experimental comparative study was conducted with (...)
- The Communicative Effects of Metaphors for Vaccination as a Collective Health Endeavour.Francesca Ervas, Pietro Salis & Rachele Fanari - 2023 - In Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.), Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 285-304.In health communication, metaphor can be considered as a reasoning device to let people understand an abstract concept in terms of a concrete one (Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Bowdle and Gentner 2005). Both the positive and negative communicative effects of metaphors have been largely pointed out in a variety of medical fields, from oncology (Semino et al. 2016, 2018) to mental health (Frezza and Zoccolotti 2019). The use of metaphors in vaccine communication has been less considered, though it might be (...)$39.18 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Advances in experimental philosophy of medicine.Kristien Hens & Andreas De Block (eds.) - 2023 - New York: Bloomsbury Academic.This open access collection brings together a team of leading scholars and rising stars to consider what experimental philosophy of medicine is and can be. While experimental philosophy of science is an established field, attempts to tackle issues in philosophy of medicine from an experimental angle are still surprisingly scarce. A team of interdisciplinary scholars demonstrate how we can make progress by integrating a variety of methods from experimental philosophy, including experiments, sociological surveys, simulations, as well as history and philosophy (...)
- Partial Aggregation: What the People Think.Markus Kneer & Juri Viehoff - manuscriptThis article applies the tools of experimental philosophy to the ongoing debate about both the theoretical viability and the practical import of partially aggregative moral theories in distributive ethics. We conduct a series of three experiments (N=383): First, we document the widespread occurrence of the intuitions that motivate this position. Our study then moves beyond establishing the existence of partially aggregative intuitions in two dimensions: First, we extend experimental work in such a way as to ascertain which amongst existing versions (...)
- The needs of the many: Exploring associations of personality with third-party judgments of public health-related utilitarian rule violations.Alexander Behnke, Diana Armbruster & Anja Strobel - 2023 - PLoS ONE 18 (4):e0284558.Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations where minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To explore the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both public health-related scenarios, the protagonist (...)
- Justification of principles for healthcare priority setting: the relevance and roles of empirical studies exploring public values.Erik Gustavsson & Lars Lindblom - 2023 - Journal of Medical Ethics.How should scarce healthcare resources be distributed? This is a contentious issue that became especially pressing during the pandemic. It is often emphasised that studies exploring public views about this question provide valuable input to the issue of healthcare priority setting. While there has been a vast number of such studies it is rarely articulated, more specifically, what the results from these studies would mean for the justification of principles for priority setting. On the one hand, it seems unreasonable that (...)
- Normality and the Treatment-Enhancement Distinction.Daniel Martín, Jon Rueda, Brian D. Earp & Ivar R. Hannikainen - 2023 - Neuroethics 16 (2):1-14.There is little debate regarding the acceptability of providing medical care to restore physical or mental health that has deteriorated below what is considered typical due to disease or disorder (i.e., providing “treatment”—for example, administering psychostimulant medication to sustain attention in the case of attention deficit disorder). When asked whether a healthy individual may undergo the same intervention for the purpose of enhancing their capacities (i.e., “enhancement”—for example, use of a psychostimulant as a “study drug”), people often express greater hesitation. (...)
- Moral Judgments Impact Perceived Risks From COVID-19 Exposure.Cailin O'Connor - 2023 - Collabra: Psychology 9 (1):74793.The COVID-19 pandemic created enormously difficult decisions for individuals trying to navigate both the risks of the pandemic and the demands of everyday life. Good decision making in such scenarios can have life and death consequences. For this reason, it is important to understand what drives risk assessments during a pandemic, and to investigate the ways that these assessments might deviate from ideal risk assessments. In a preregistered online study of U.S. residents (N = 841) using two blocks of vignettes (...)
- Effects of perspective switching and utilitarian thinking on moral judgments in a sacrificial dilemma among healthcare and non-healthcare students.Junsu Park, Yongmin Shin, Seungmin Kim, Seho Maeng & Jungjoon Ihm - 2023 - Current Psychology.During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals have often faced moral challenges, which required them to choose between endorsing self- or other-sacrifice for the greater good. Drawing on the altruistic rationalization hypothesis and trait-activation theory, this study investigates (a) whether healthcare students’ endorsement of utilitarian solutions to sacrificial moral dilemmas varies when they are confronted with the minority group, majority group, or third-person perspective on the given dilemma and (b) whether individual differences in utilitarian thinking, as measured by the Oxford Utilitarianism (...)
- On the Relevance of Experimental Philosophy to Neuroethics.Heather Browning & Walter Veit - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 13 (1):55-57.
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