Fracturing is a key factor for shale oil and gas enrichment and high production. An accurate fracture model can effectively guide shale oil and gas exploration and development. The establishment of a natural fracture model must address the challenges of difficult data acquisition and poor representativeness of data points. To solve these problems, we have developed a method of shale-reservoir natural fracture modeling based on microseismic monitoring data. This method includes three steps. First, we establish an initial natural fracture model (...) based on scale classification, vertical stratification, and genetic classification. Second, the shape and density of the hydraulic fractures are interpreted by microseismic monitoring data to calibrate the initial model of the shale reservoir natural fractures. Third, we verify the rationality of the model by assessment of the fracture porosity and permeability values. The results show that it is possible to calibrate the natural fracture density model using the fracture shape and density as determined by microseismic monitoring. And we predict that an ideal hydraulic fracture network can be formed when the body density of the natural fracturing is greater than 0.3 m2/m3. The crude production of wells is negatively correlated with the development of large-scale structural fractures and positively correlated with small-scale structural fractures. The well trajectory should run through small-scale fracture development sections as much as possible, avoiding large-scale, high-angle fracture areas. This method provides a new approach to model natural fractures in shale reservoirs that has wide applicability and can be used for modeling shale oil and gas reservoirs. (shrink)

Cangdong is a typical oil-rich sag in the Bohai Bay Basin, China. After more than 50 years of exploration and development, the Kong2 Member still has considerable residual oil and gas resource potential. To pursue replacement areas of oil and gas exploration and development, the basic geology of the entire Kong2 Member in Cangdong Sag as a unit has been reexamined, and the findings have been used to guide the secondary exploration deployment. In this study, the characteristics of sedimentary reservoirs, (...) source rocks, and oil and gas distribution in the Kong2 Member have been systematically studied, and a sedimentary model of the ring belt-circle layer of the closed lake basin in the Kong2 Member of the Cangdong Sag, with three segments on the profile, three ring belts on the plane, and three circle layers in space has been established. The ring belt and circle layer are jointly controlled by water-body differentiation in the closed lake basin, source-material supply, depositional accommodation space, and deposition base-level cycle, and they can be in round, oval, long strip, and irregular shapes. The outer ring, located near the basin margin, mainly has delta-front subfacies conventional coarse-grained medium-thick sandstone and near-source structural and stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs; the middle ring, the transitional zone from the basin margin to the central basin, is dominated by fine sandstone, siltstone, and lacustrine carbonates of front delta subfacies, and it mainly contains isolated lithologic reservoirs and unconventional tight oil; the inner ring is the high-quality hydrocarbon source-rock development zone in the center of the closed lake basin, featuring a high abundance of shale, where the dolomite and siltstone of distal gravity flow right next to source rock, and fine-grained diamictite of the source reservoir in one area rich in tight oil, whereas the high-abundance shale of frequent source-reservoir interbeds is rich in shale oil. The strategy of oil and gas exploration deployment is to look for structural, stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs in the outer circle, lithologic reservoirs in the middle circle, and retained tight oil and shale oil in the inner ring. In recent years, major discoveries have been made in oil and gas exploration in the three circle layers of the Kong2 Member in the Cangdong Sag through drilling, especially in tight-oil exploration in the inner-circle layer: two sandstone sweet-spot intervals of greater than 60 m and three dolomite sweet-spot intervals of greater than 100 m have been confirmed. The maximum daily oil production of vertical wells after fracturing is up to 50 t; several hundred square kilometers of favorable exploration area has been delineated, with an estimated oil geologic resource of 100 million tons. (shrink)

Cangdong is a typical oil-rich sag in the Bohai Bay Basin, China. After more than 50 years of exploration and development, the Kong2 Member still has considerable residual oil and gas resource potential. To pursue replacement areas of oil and gas exploration and development, the basic geology of the entire Kong2 Member in Cangdong Sag as a unit has been reexamined, and the findings have been used to guide the secondary exploration deployment. In this study, the characteristics of sedimentary reservoirs, (...) source rocks, and oil and gas distribution in the Kong2 Member have been systematically studied, and a sedimentary model of the ring belt-circle layer of the closed lake basin in the Kong2 Member of the Cangdong Sag, with three segments on the profile, three ring belts on the plane, and three circle layers in space has been established. The ring belt and circle layer are jointly controlled by water-body differentiation in the closed lake basin, source-material supply, depositional accommodation space, and deposition base-level cycle, and they can be in round, oval, long strip, and irregular shapes. The outer ring, located near the basin margin, mainly has delta-front subfacies conventional coarse-grained medium-thick sandstone and near-source structural and stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs; the middle ring, the transitional zone from the basin margin to the central basin, is dominated by fine sandstone, siltstone, and lacustrine carbonates of front delta subfacies, and it mainly contains isolated lithologic reservoirs and unconventional tight oil; the inner ring is the high-quality hydrocarbon source-rock development zone in the center of the closed lake basin, featuring a high abundance of shale, where the dolomite and siltstone of distal gravity flow right next to source rock, and fine-grained diamictite of the source reservoir in one area rich in tight oil, whereas the high-abundance shale of frequent source-reservoir interbeds is rich in shale oil. The strategy of oil and gas exploration deployment is to look for structural, stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs in the outer circle, lithologic reservoirs in the middle circle, and retained tight oil and shale oil in the inner ring. In recent years, major discoveries have been made in oil and gas exploration in the three circle layers of the Kong2 Member in the Cangdong Sag through drilling, especially in tight-oil exploration in the inner-circle layer: two sandstone sweet-spot intervals of greater than 60 m and three dolomite sweet-spot intervals of greater than 100 m have been confirmed. The maximum daily oil production of vertical wells after fracturing is up to 50 t; several hundred square kilometers of favorable exploration area has been delineated, with an estimated oil geologic resource of 100 million tons. (shrink)

Hans Reichenbach, a philosopher of science who was one of five students in Einstein's first seminar on the general theory of relativity, became Einstein's bulldog, defending the theory against criticism from philosophers, physicists, and popular commentators. This book chronicles the development of Reichenbach's reconstruction of Einstein's theory in a way that clearly sets out all of its philosophical commitments and its physical predictions as well as the battles that Reichenbach fought on its behalf, in both the academic and popular press. (...) The essays include reviews and responses to philosophical colleagues, such as Moritz Schlick and Hugo Dingler; polemical discussions with physicists Max Born and D. C. Miller; as well as popular articles meant to clarify aspects of Einstein's theories and set out their philosophical ramifications for the layperson. At a time when physics and philosophy were both undergoing revolutionary changes in content and method, this book is a window into the development of scientific philosophy and the role of the philosopher. (shrink)

The essay “Was ist der Mensch?” appeared for the first time in December 1944 in the German magazine with a hundred years of tradition edited by the publisher J. J. Weber Illustrierte Zeitung Leipzig [Illustrated Magazine Leipzig]. This special cultural edition, entitled Der europäische Mensch [The European Man], which was distributed exclusively abroad, was to be the last volume of the magazine after its final regular issue in September 1994 (No. 5041). Only in 1947, the text was republished, with the (...) same pagination, in a compilation made by J. J. Weber, Vom Wahren, Schönen, Guten. Aus dem Schatz europäischer Kunst und Kultur [On the True, the Beautiful, the Good. From the Treasury of European Art and Culture]. The publisher was expropriated in 1948, and three years later the company was finally removed from the German commercial registry. “Was ist der Mensch?” has never been released in any of Gadamer’s books or separately published in a journal; it also does not appear within the 10 volumes of his Gesammelte Werke [Collected Works]—the only exception is an Italian translation included in a volume devoted to Gadamer’s views on education and the notion of Bildung (cf. Gadamer 2012). The aim of this translation is to make accessible this Gadamer’s quest for the occidental interpretations of human self-consciousness, which has until now been almost unknown and in which, for the first time, Gadamer shows, from a theoretical standpoint, not only his early—although implicit—keen interest in Max Scheler’s anthropology (particularly Scheler’s considerations on the basic historical types of the occidental man’s self-perception in accordance with the basic and underlying concept of human history that still have powerful effectiveness in modern times), but also—at the historical threshold of the imminent ending of World War II—his own concern regarding possible philosophical answers to the question: “What is man?” Cf. especially Scheler 1926 (GW 9, 120–144); 1928 (GW 9, 7–71); 1929 (GW 9, 145–170). All commenting annotations to Gadamer’s text are authored by the editor and translator. (shrink)

Hans Albert ist der Hauptvertreter des Kritischen Rationalismus und einer der einflussreichsten Wissenschaftslehrer im deutschen Sprachraum. Seine interdisziplinar angelegten Arbeiten beschaftigen sich mit den Grundlagen der Sozialwissenschaften und der Bedeutung kritisch-rationalen Denkens fur die sozialwissenschaftliche Theorie und Praxis. Der vorliegende Band enthalt Texte fuhrender Vertreter aus Philosophie, Soziologie, Religionswissenschaft und Jurisprudenz, die sich mit den Positionen Alberts im Kontext ihres eigenen Fachgebiets beschaftigen.

We publish here the letters between Gadamer and Ricoeur, as they are found in the Archives of the two philosophers. Starting from February 1964 and ending on October 2000, the thirty-five letters reproduced here cannot give a complete picture of their much richer correspondence and relations, because it seems that neither Ricoeur, nor Gadamer kept all the letters they received from one another. But altogether, they document their common concerns, their mutual respect, even their intellectual solidarity and finally the particular (...) context that brought them to write to one another, i.e. Ricoeur’s intention to publish a translation of Gadamer’s book, Truth and Method, in a new series he edited for the Seuil Publisher. This publishing and translation project will mark their entire correspondence. (shrink)

The Hans Reichenbach Papers comprise published and unpublished manuscripts, lectures, correspondence, photographs, drawings, and related materials from his early student days until his death. The correspondence contains about 9000 pages to and from Reichenbach; it ranges over his entire career. Those with whom Reichenbach maintained lifelong contact include Rudolf Carnap, Ernst Cassirer, Herbert Feigl, Philip Frank, Carl Hempel, Sidney Hook, Paul Oppenheim and Wolfgang Pauli. In addition, there is significant correspondence with von Astor, Bergmann, Bertalanffy, Dingler, Dubislav, Einstein, Fraenkel, Frank, (...) Freundlich, Grelling, Grünbaum, Paul Hertz, Hutten, Jordan, Landé, von Laue, Lewin, C.I. Lewis, Charles Morris, Nagel, Neurath, Northrop, Planck, Quine, Regener, Rougier, Salmon, Schillp, Schlick, Scholz, Schrödinger, Martin Strauss, Tarski, Vaihinger, Weiss, Williams, Zawarski, and Zilsel. The correspondence provides a valuable source of information about Reichenbach’s personal and philosophical development. It also provides primary source material for research into one of the 20th century most influential philosophical movements. Reichenbach’s manuscripts include many of his own notes as a student. Some go as far back as his university days in science and mathematics. Some of the most significant of these notes are those taken by him as a student of Albert Einstein on the special and general theories of relativity. There are four such notebooks dating from 1918. In addition there are his student notes on astronomy, Planck and electricity, Hilbert’s “Statistical Mechanics” and “Problems and Principles.” He also kept many of his lecture notes from Germany, Turkey, and the United States. The number of lectures runs to over 100 and provides a glimpse into the problems of philosophy and how he presented them to his students. Many of his lectures discussed principles of radio and issues in philosophy and modern science, often in form of popularizations of questions in relativity and quantum theory delivered on radio programs for a wider audiences. In addition to this there are an abundance of notes, calculations, and diagrams used to draft both published and unpublished papers. (shrink)

In the late 1830s and early 1840s Hans. L. Martensen helped to introduce the thought of G.W.F. Hegel to the intellectual world of Copenhagen. Between Hegel and Kierkegaard offers the first English translations of three important early writings of Martensen in the philsophy of religion. These treatises evidence an original and critical interpretation of Hegel's thought from a speculative theological point of view. The heart of Martensen's philosophy of religion is the idea of freedom or personality grounded in its relation (...) to the divine. These writings exercised an important and formative influence on the young Kierkegaard, Martensen's student, even though Kierkegaard later became a formidable opponent and critic of Martensen. (shrink)

History, Metaphors, and Fables collects the central writings by Hans Blumenberg and covers topics such as on the philosophy of language, metaphor theory, non-conceptuality, aesthetics, politics, and literary studies. This landmark volume demonstrates Blumenberg's intellectual breadth and gives an overview of his thematic and stylistic range over four decades. Blumenberg's early philosophy of technology becomes tangible, as does his critique of linguistic perfectibility and conceptual thought, his theory of history as successive concepts of reality", his anthropology, or his studies of (...) literature. History, Metaphors, Fables allows readers to discover a master thinker whose role in the German intellectual post-war scene can hardly be overestimated. (shrink)

This paper presents Hans Ulrich's account of Christian ethics as an ethics of `vocation'. It is interested in how Ulrich's account of vocational ethics is developed as a critique of professional ethics. Professional ethics is seen as reflecting the structures of ethical deliberation of the social order that produces it, thereby failing to move beyond the realm of `works'. In contrast, the distinguishing characteristic of Ulrich's vocational ethics is shown to be that it is a response to the Word `from (...) outside'. Consequently, a Christian account of professional ethics needs to show how it can retain a `theological difference' that enables it to respond to the Word that `breaks in' to start something new. The paper discusses the transformation of professionalism in a neo-liberal service economy in order to find out how this `breaking in' actually proceeds. Its test case is providing services to people with intellectual disabilities. (shrink)

Hans Kelsen's thorough critique of Eric Voegelin's "New Science of Politcs" is - in my oppinion - the best commentary on Voegelin that has been written so far.

The debate about concepts has always been shaped by a contrast between subjectivism, which treats them as phenomena in the mind or head of individuals, and objectivism, which insists that they exist independently of individual minds. The most prominent contemporary version of subjectivism is Fodor's RTM. The Fregean charge against subjectivism is that it cannot do justice to the fact that different individuals can share the same concepts. Proponents of RTM have accepted shareability as a ‘non-negotiable constraint’. At the same (...) time they insist that by distinguishing between sign-types and – tokens the Fregean objection cannot just be circumvented but revealed to be fallacious. My paper rehabilitates the Fregean argument against subjectivism. The RTM response rests either on an equivocation of ‘concept’—between types which satisfy the non-negotiable constraint and tokens which are mental particulars in line with RTM doctrine—or on the untenable idea that one and the same entity can be both a shareable type and hence abstract and a concrete particular in the head. Furthermore, subjectivism cannot be rescued by adopting unorthodox metaphysical theories about the type/token and universal/particular contrasts. The final section argues that concepts are not representations or signs, but something represented by signs. Even if RTM is right to explain conceptual thinking by reference to the occurrence of mental representations, concepts themselves cannot be identical with such representations. (shrink)