InhaltWilhelm METZ, Christoph ASMUTH: EinleitungChristoph BINKELMANN : Phänomenologie der Freiheit. Die Trieblehre Fichtes im System der Sittenlehre von 1798Wilhelm METZ : Freiheit und Reflexion in Fichtes Sittenlehre von 1798 Jakub KLOC-KONKOŁOWICZ : Der Kantische Spinozismus.Die Gegenwart Spinozas in der Sittenlehre FichtesHartmut TRAUB : Über die Pflichten des ästhetischen Künstlers. Der § 31 des Systems der Sittenlehre< im Kontext von Fichtes Philosophie der ÄsthetikBjörn PECINA : Sittlicher Atheismus. Die Bedeutung der Sittenlehre von 1798 für Fichtes frühe ReligionsphilosophieMarco Rampazzo BAZZAN (...) : Das Ephorat bei J.G. FichteIves RADRIZZANI : Recht und Natur. Das Naturrecht bei FichteRobert MARSZAŁEK : Religion und Ethik beim späten FichteTeresa PEDRO : Die Freiheit und das Böse. Eine Gegenüberstellung von Fichtes früher Sittenlehre und Schellings FreiheitsschriftCristiana SENIGAGLIA : Kausalität und Wirksamkeit in Fichtes Sittenlehren RezensionenTagungsbericht. (shrink)

Der Untersuchung geht es um einen Systemvergleich zwischen Kant und Fichte anhand zentraler Lehrstucke ihrer theoretischen Philosophie. Die Philosophien Kants und Fichtes werden daruber hinaus gegenuber Rousseau, Jacobi, Schiller, Schelling und Hegel systematisch abgegrenzt.

Fichtes Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre erreicht das wirkliche Bewußtsein und Selbstbewußtsein im Resultat. Denn erst die in den abschließenden Passagen ihres theoretischen und praktischen Teils dargestellte Reflexion, die die vorbewußten Setzungen des Ich ursprünglich re-produziert, läßt das Bewußtsein des Sittengesetzes und mit ihm das ganze Bewußtsein entspringen. Das im Beschluß der GWL gedachte Gefühl der »Zufriedenheit [...], Ausfüllung, völligen Vollendung« entsteht im wirklichen Ich, wenn das Ich seiner poietischen »Idee«, rein durch sich selbst gesetzt und aller Abhängigkeit vom Nicht-Ich enthoben (...) zu sein, augenblicklich gleich geworden ist. (shrink)

Fichtes Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre erreicht das wirkliche Bewußtsein und Selbstbewußtsein im Resultat. Denn erst die in den abschließenden Passagen ihres theoretischen und praktischen Teils dargestellte Reflexion, die die vorbewußten Setzungen des Ich ursprünglich re-produziert, läßt das Bewußtsein des Sittengesetzes und mit ihm das ganze Bewußtsein entspringen. Das im Beschluß der GWL gedachte Gefühl der »Zufriedenheit [...], Ausfüllung, völligen Vollendung« entsteht im wirklichen Ich, wenn das Ich seiner poietischen »Idee«, rein durch sich selbst gesetzt und aller Abhängigkeit vom Nicht-Ich enthoben (...) zu sein, augenblicklich gleich geworden ist. (shrink)

In seiner WL nova methodo charakterisiert Fichte die Aufgabe der Transzendentalphilosophie wie folgt: »die Bedingungen des Bewußtseins nach den schon bekannten Regeln zusammen zu setzen, und das Bewußtsein vor unseren Augen zu construieren«. Dieses Zitat bringt das Herzstück der frühen Fichteschen WL zum Vorschein und vermag auch das Grundanliegen der GWL präzise zu charakterisieren. Die WL strebt nach der genetischen Einsicht des wirklichen Bewußtseins und kann daher nicht vom Bewußtsein ausgehen; sie muß hinter das Bewußtsein zurückgehen, um es vor unseren (...) Augen konstruieren zu können. Fichtes Konzeption der produktiven Vernunft hat, wie im folgenden gezeigt werden soll, das Programm einer genetischen bzw. konstruktiven Deduktion des Bewußtseins erst möglich gemacht. Denn die von Fichte gedachten produktiven bzw. schlechthin setzenden Handlungen der Vernunft stellen ein systematisches Gefüge dar, aus dem eine vollständige Totalität von Produkten hervorgeht. Für die Genese des wirklichen Bewußtseins und Selbstbewußtseins erweist sich jener Wendepunkt als entscheidend, an dem die Produktion selbst den Charakter der Reflexion annimmt, nämlich der Reflexion auf ihre eigenen Produkte. Und weil die ursprüngliche Reflexion einer noch ursprünglicheren Produktion entspringt, hat sie selbst produktiven Charakter, ist sie re-produktiv; sie setzt gleichsam noch einmal, was bereits gesetzt ist. Die Reflexion bringt auf diese Weise neue Produkte mit sich, die das produzierend-reflektierende Ich zunächst ebenfalls nicht als seine eigenen Produkte erkennt, weshalb die Reflexion, wie gezeigt werden soll, eine ebenso ursprüngliche Projektion ist. Das systematische Wechselspiel von Reflexion und Projektion macht, ab einem gewissen Reflexionspunkte, Gegenstands- und Selbstbewußtsein für das Ich unterscheidbar und damit als solche erst möglich. (shrink)

In seiner WL nova methodo charakterisiert Fichte die Aufgabe der Transzendentalphilosophie wie folgt: »die Bedingungen des Bewußtseins nach den schon bekannten Regeln zusammen zu setzen, und das Bewußtsein vor unseren Augen zu construieren«. Dieses Zitat bringt das Herzstück der frühen Fichteschen WL zum Vorschein und vermag auch das Grundanliegen der GWL präzise zu charakterisieren. Die WL strebt nach der genetischen Einsicht des wirklichen Bewußtseins und kann daher nicht vom Bewußtsein ausgehen; sie muß hinter das Bewußtsein zurückgehen, um es vor unseren (...) Augen konstruieren zu können. Fichtes Konzeption der produktiven Vernunft hat, wie im folgenden gezeigt werden soll, das Programm einer genetischen bzw. konstruktiven Deduktion des Bewußtseins erst möglich gemacht. Denn die von Fichte gedachten produktiven bzw. schlechthin setzenden Handlungen der Vernunft stellen ein systematisches Gefüge dar, aus dem eine vollständige Totalität von Produkten hervorgeht. Für die Genese des wirklichen Bewußtseins und Selbstbewußtseins erweist sich jener Wendepunkt als entscheidend, an dem die Produktion selbst den Charakter der Reflexion annimmt, nämlich der Reflexion auf ihre eigenen Produkte. Und weil die ursprüngliche Reflexion einer noch ursprünglicheren Produktion entspringt, hat sie selbst produktiven Charakter, ist sie re-produktiv; sie setzt gleichsam noch einmal, was bereits gesetzt ist. Die Reflexion bringt auf diese Weise neue Produkte mit sich, die das produzierend-reflektierende Ich zunächst ebenfalls nicht als seine eigenen Produkte erkennt, weshalb die Reflexion, wie gezeigt werden soll, eine ebenso ursprüngliche Projektion ist. Das systematische Wechselspiel von Reflexion und Projektion macht, ab einem gewissen Reflexionspunkte, Gegenstands- und Selbstbewußtsein für das Ich unterscheidbar und damit als solche erst möglich. (shrink)

I seek to advance enquiry into the philosophical question of in virtue of what human beings have a dignity of the sort that grounds human rights. I first draw on values salient in sub-Saharan African moral thought to construct two theoretically promising conceptions of human dignity, one grounded on vitality, or liveliness, and the other on our communal nature. I then argue that the vitality conception cannot account for several human rights that we intuitively have, while the community conception can (...) do so. I conclude that, of plausible theories of human dignity with an African pedigree, the field ought to favour a community-based view and critically compare it in future work with the Kantian, autonomy-based view that dominates Western thinking about dignity. (shrink)

Philosophers have already recognized the importance of causal preemption involving “positive” events. First, preemption with positive events raises problems for counterfactual theories of causation. Second, theories of moral and legal responsibility rely heavily on the concept of causation, so accurately assessing responsibility in preemption cases requires correctly assessing their causal structure. However, philosophers have not discussed preemption involving “negative” events or omissions. This paper argues that cases of preemptive omissions exist and have important implications for theories of causation and for (...) moral and legal responsibility. Of theoretical importance, the alterations made to counterfactual theories of causation to address preemption with positive events do not seem to work for accommodating preemptive omissions. Of practical importance, there have been actual legal cases involving preemptive omissions, and at least one such case was, this paper contends, decided incorrectly on erroneous causal grounds. This paper identifies what must happen for preemptive omissions to obtain. It then argues for the existence of preemptive omissions by constructing a series of cases and drawing structural parallels between preemption cases with positive events and cases with omissions. It ultimately presents a formula for generating preemptive omissions and examines both why “traditional” methods of generating preemption fail for omissions and why the proposed method avoids such concerns. (shrink)

In this article, I consider whether there are values intrinsic to development theory and practice that are dubious in light of a characteristically African ethic. In particular, I focus on what a certain philosophical interpretation of the sub-Saharan value of communion entails for appraising development, drawing two major conclusions. One is that a majority of the criticisms that have been made of development by those sympathetic to African values are weak; I argue that, given the value of communion, development should (...) not be rejected because it is essentially, say, overly materialistic and scientistic, or insufficiently spiritual and local. The second conclusion, however, is that three criticisms of development are strong from the perspective of Afro-communalism and are particularly powerful when set in that context. I argue that development theory and practice are characteristically anthropocentric, individualist and technocratic, and that a reading of the sub-Saharan value of communion provides a unitary foundation for rejecting these features and for grounding an alternative, more relational approach to social progress and to what justice demands from the West in relation to Africa. (shrink)

Since its inception as a professional field in the 1960s or so, African ethics has been neglected not only by virtue ethicists, but also by international scholars in moral philosophy generally. This is unfortunate, since sub-Saharan normative perspectives are characteristically virtue-centred, and, furthermore, are both different from traditional Western forms and just as worth taking seriously as they are. In my contribution, I spell out the two major respects in which virtue is a salient theme in African ethics, and critically (...) appraise them in relation to some dominant Western conceptions. (shrink)

This article introduces a special issue of Philosophical Papers devoted to the topic of meaning in life. In the paper, I engage with articles by Robert Audi, David Velleman, John Martin Fischer, Laurence Thomas, Berit Brogaard, Barry Smith and Larry James, laying out their central views, criticizing them, and suggesting ways they could be developed.

A pioneer in the field, Christian Metz applies insights of structural linguistics to the language of film. "The semiology of film . . . can be held to date from the publication in 1964 of the famous essay by Christian Metz, 'Le cinema: langue ou langage?'"--Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, Times Literary Supplement "Modern film theory begins with Metz."--Constance Penley, coeditor of Camera Obscura "Any consideration of semiology in relation to the particular field signifying practice of film passes inevitably through (...) a reference to the work of Christian Metz. . . . The first book to be written in this field, [ Film Language ] is important not merely because of this primacy but also because of the issues it raises . . . issues that have become crucial to the contemporary argument."--Stephen Heath, Screen. (shrink)

Shortened version of an article that first appeared in Philosophical Papers (2017).

Reprint of an article that first appeared in a special issue of the South African Journal of Philosophy devoted to life's meaning in the African tradition.

An idea salient in the African and East Asian philosophical traditions is that the right sort of socio-political interaction would be similar to the intuitive ways that family members ought to relate to each other. Applying this perspective to economic and ecological inequalities, I articulate some principles implicit in healthy familial relationships, show what they entail for certain aspects of distributive justice at the national level, and contend that the implications are plausible relative to competing theories such as utilitarianism, Rawlsianism, (...) and the Capabilities Approach. Specifically, I maintain that reflection on familial norms suggests that an array of objective goods, particularly ones pertaining to relationality, the development of talents, and life, should be central to what the state distributes, an account that rivals subjective well-being, primary goods, or democratically chosen capabilities. When it comes to how much the state should ideally ensure each citizen has, reflection on familial norms supports a new, balancing approach, according to which all have a comparable share of resources needed for objective goodness, but more go to those with great ability or great disability, an approach that differs, and plausibly so, from maximizing, prioritizing the worst off, equalizing, or providing a sufficient minimum. (shrink)

Online reprint of part of an encyclopedia entry (from the Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life and Well-being Research 2014).

In this chapter I systematically distinguish a variety of ways to relationalize economics, and focus on a certain approach to relationalizing normative economics in the light of communal values salient in the African philosophical tradition. I start by distinguishing four major ways to relationalize empirical economics, viz., in terms of its ontologies, methods, explanations, and predictions, and also three major ways to relationalize normative economics, in regards to means taken towards ends, decision-procedures used to specify ends, and ends themselves. Then, (...) in the rest of the chapter I address what would be involved in relationalizing the ends of economic choices, given certain ideals of communal relationship characteristically prized by sub-Saharan philosophers, particularly southern African adherents to ubuntu. I advance communal answers to the two large questions of what an economy should distribute and how to engage with stakeholders, and suggest that the implications will be found plausible by many open-minded enquirers around the world. Although this chapter is a work of ethical philosophy, it is meant to be of broad interest to scholars in economics. (shrink)

Definitions of terms that are central to a theoretical understanding of the Royal Government of Bhutan's policy of Gross National Happiness.

A large swathe of the indigenous African ethical tradition is frequently encapsulated in the maxim, “A person is a person through other persons.” This phrasing is an overly literal translation of some sayings that are prominent in the southern and central regions of Africa, but that resonate with most indigenous sub-Saharan cultures. This chapter articulates and motivates a philosophical interpretation of the maxim for an international readership interested in virtue. According to the initial formulation, one should strive to become a (...) real person, which one can do insofar as one prizes other persons’ capacity to relate harmoniously, where harmony consists of identifying with and exhibiting solidarity toward them. The chapter also explores ways of revising this theory to respond to some powerful criticisms, such as that virtue is not purely relational, but also includes some self-regarding dispositions, and that virtue can be manifested by relating to parts of the natural world, particularly to some non-human animals. (shrink)

Reply to six contributions to a special issue of _Social Theory and Practice_ that are devoted to _A Relational Moral Theory: African Ethics in and Beyond the Continent_.

Reply to six critical discussions of _A Relational Moral Theory_ as part of a special issue of _Ethical Theory and Moral Practice_. Theoretical issues include the individualism/relationalism distinction, including as it bears on Confucian theory in comparison to African thought. Applied topics include the implications of a communal principle of right action for issues pertaining to business, biotechnological enhancements, environmentalism, and corrective justice.

Zur Klärung ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede.

Harmony as a basic value is neglected in internationally influential philosophical discussions about rights, power, and other facets of public policy; it is not prominent in articles that appear in widely read journals or in books published by presses with a global reach. Of particular interest, political philosophers and policy makers remain ignorant of the similarities and differences between various harmony-oriented approaches to institutional choice from around the world. In this chapter, I begin to rectify these deficiencies by critically discussing (...) the way harmony has figured into political philosophies from three major traditions in the Global South, namely, African ubuntu, East Asian Confucianism, and South American buen vivir. I point out that, although harmony is at the core of all three political philosophies, it is conceived in different ways, entailing incompatible prescriptions about things such as who should make laws and which sorts of beings have rights against the state. Such contrasting views call for rigorous cross-cultural dialogue amongst theorists of harmony, beyond mounting challenges to more individualist approaches that have been salient in modern Western political thought. (shrink)

A guest edited volume of the Journal of Applied Philosophy devoted to topics regarding the ethics of nudges, particularly those that have received little or no treatment up to now. Since the publication of Nudge in 2008, nudges have become widely used tools in policymakers' toolbox. Concurrently, ethicists have discussed which conditions, if any, ensure the fair and ethically legitimate implementation of such untraditional policy techniques. The debates have focused primarily on the alleged intrusiveness of nudges and their lack of (...) factual transparency. The special issue is intended to enrich the debate in the conviction that the clarity of the terms adopted within the debate could be improved and that some relevant ethical perspectives have been left out in assessing the morality of nudges. Specifically, the aims of this special issue are twofold, normative and conceptual. On the one side, we delve into the concepts on which the evaluation of nudging hinges, such as "preferences", "resistibility", and "libertarianism". Since the meanings assigned to such concepts drive our evaluation of nudging, their comprehension is critical. On the other side, the acceptability of nudges has been extensively assessed in the light of ethical theories developed within Western philosophy, and not with alternative but promising ethical frameworks from the Global South. Relatedly, some values implicated in nudging, such as the ethics of nudging vulnerable populations, have been overshadowed by scholars' attention to decisional autonomy. The special issue gives these themes the attention they deserve. (shrink)

A chapter composed largely for undergraduate and postgraduate students that considers whether general facts about morality and our ability to make moral judgements count in favor of either theism or atheism.