The notion of validity fulfils a crucial role in legal theory. In the emerging Web 3.0, Semantic Web languages, legal ontologies, and normative multi-agent systems are designed to cover new regulatory needs. Conceptual models for complex regulatory systems shape the characteristic features of rules, norms, and principles in different ways. This article outlines one of such multilayered governance models, designed for the CAPER platform, and offers a definition of Semantic Web Regulatory Models . It distinguishes between normative-SWRM and institutional-SWRM. It (...) also compares existing principles in privacy by design, linked open data , legal information institutes , and online dispute resolution . The article concludes by proposing the notion of Relational Law to summarize the ethical dimension of SWRM. Ethics are the only regulatory way to constitute a global space, out of the jurisdictional public domain set by national, international, or transnational law, and opposed to the private one. (shrink)

This volume helps us to understand that the current political disorders in Catalonia have deep cultural roots. It focuses on the rise of Catalan cultural, national and linguistic identity in the 20th century. What is happening in Catalonia? What lies behind its political conflicts? Catalan identity has been evolving for centuries, starting in early medieval ages. It is not a modern phenomenon. The emergence of imperial Spain in the 16 c. and the French Ancien Régime in the 17 c. correlates (...) with a decline of Catalan culture, which was politically absorbed by the Spanish state after the conquest of Barcelona in 1714. However, Catalan language and culture flourished again under the stimulus of the European Romantic Nationalism movement. During the first Dictatorship, the Spanish Civil War, and the long Francoist era, Catalan language and culture were repressed, yet refurbished and reconstructed at the same time. This rise of a plural, complex, and non-homogeneous Catalan identity constitutes the subject matter of this volume. National conflicts that emerged later in the Spanish democratic state leant heavily on the life engagement and vital commitment experienced by the entrenched intellectual movements of the twentieth century in Catalonia, Valencian Country and the Balearic Islands. This book reveals the cultural and literary grassroots of these conflicts. (shrink)

In the legal domain, ontologies enjoy quite some reputation as a way to model normative knowledge about laws and jurisprudence. This paper describes the methodology followed when developing the ontology used by the second version of the prototype Iuriservice, a web-based intelligent FAQ for judicial use. This modeling methodology has had two important requirements: on the one hand, the ontology needed to be extracted from a repository of professional judicial knowledge (containing nearly 800 questions regarding daily practice). Thus, the construction (...) of ontologies of professional judicial knowledge demanded the description of this knowledge as it is perceived by the judge. On the other hand, due to the distributiveness of the environment, there was a need for controlled discussion and traceability of the arguments used in favor or against the introduction of a concept X as part of the domain ontology. This paper presents the Ontology of Professional Judicial Knowledge (OPJK), extracted manually from the selection of relevant terms from judicial practice questions and modeled according to the DILIGENT methodology. We will show that DILIGENT has proved to be a methodology that facilitates the ontology engineering in a distributed environment, although appropriate tool support needs to be developed. (shrink)

This paper discusses the semiotic dimension of patent interpretation. Patent documents are at the same time disclosure of information and a granting of rights. The claim section expresses the granted rights. In this paper, we view the claims as signs that express the granted rights. The semantics to interpret the signs is given by the all-elements rule, as pragmatics. The description and drawings sections of the patent document provide metapragmatics in the form of lexicon and syntax to help the understanding (...) the claims as signs that express the granted rights. This semiotic approach for patent interpretation has important practical consequences to the correct structuring of a patent document. We highlight this contribution through an instance of a patent application in which a claim includes examples of use. Examples are not allowed in the claim text, as examples do not describe the invention, but consist of metapragmatics to better understand the invention. In this way, examples consist of metapragmatics and belong to the description section of the patent, which has the goal to facilitate the understanding of claims. In the patent application used to highlight our semiotics approach for patent interpretation, the examples initially presented in the claims were rephrased in the final granted patent, significantly reducing the scope of the claim. (shrink)

This paper is a contribution to the study of equality-free logic, that is, first-order logic without equality. We mainly devote ourselves to the study of algebraic characterizations of its relation of elementary equivalence by providing some Keisler-Shelah type ultrapower theorems and an Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé type theorem. We also give characterizations of elementary classes in equality-free logic. As a by-product we characterize the sentences that are logically equivalent to an equality-free one.

O presente texto versa sobre as utilizações políticas que a conversão dos grupos indígenas suscitou na fronteira amazônica. A fronteira a que aludimos aqui diz respeito aos rios Marañon, Solimões e Negro, onde os limites das colônias europeias se encontravam. Se por um lado havia o caráter espiritual, em reduzir os indígenas a fé católica, por outro, as conversões foram amplamente utilizadas pelos estados ibéricos para garantir sua zona de influência, além de garantir a supremacia econômica no vale amazônico. E (...) além dos ibéricos, a conversão foi uma política na qual os indígenas se aproveitaram para tirar vantagens da condição de “vassalo do rei”, que o fato de se tornar católico expressava. Desse modo, o presente trabalho dialoga com os estudos de fronteira, sobretudo, com a noção de Missão como instituição de fronteira, além do Protagonismo Indígena, em demonstrar a perspectiva dos grupos nativos, frente ao processo de conversão. (shrink)

This paper presents an example of a supersimple nonlow theory and characterizes its independence relation.

v. 1. L'estudiant. Vida oculta.--v. 2. Cicle apologètic i social. Cicle polític i filosófic.--v. 3. Documents balmesians.

Current research on construction of the female body focuses on non-Hispanic women in the United States. The idealized Latina body, however, is rapidly becoming commodified and objectified in global popular culture. Using standardized and open-ended surveys and group and individual interviews, the author examines the negotiation of sociocultural ideals and body image by adolescents at the intersection of gender, race, and beauty. These young women hold racist beauty ideals but are flexible when judging the appearance of real-life women. They perceive (...) two competing or complementary prototypes of beauty, one white and one Latina. This study fills a gap in the literature on beauty and the body by examining a non-U.S. sample that does not fit into the usual Black-white dichotomy of race. (shrink)

En este artículo, el autor desarrolla el problema de la tolerancia en una sociedad multicultural según el planteamiento de Karl-Otto Apel y el punto de vista de la ética del discurso. En este sentido, parte explicando que el problema actual de la tolerancia consiste en el desafío de abrir un espacio a las diferentes formas de vida socio cultural. Así, expone las contradicciones de la versión de tolerancia negativa en el liberalismo y las insuficiencias de la crítica comunitarista. Luego, se (...) presenta la propuesta de fundamentación ético-discursiva de lo que el filósofo alemán llama como ‘tolerancia afirmativa'. Se concluye con algunas consideraciones valorativas: primero, para cuestionar la necesidad de la tolerancia afirmativa en un régimen constitucional, y segundo, para postular que la fundamentación ético-discursiva de la tolerancia encuentra su derivación más coherente en la categoría del respeto. In this article the author develops the problem of tolerance in a multicultural society according to Karl-Otto Apel's position and the point of view of the ethics of discourse. The author explains that the challenge of opening a space to different forms of socio-cultural life is the current problem of tolerance. This way, he exposes the contradictions of the negative tolerance in liberalism and the communitarian critical insufficiencies. Therefore, he presents the proposal of ethical-discursive basis about what the German philosopher has called ‘affirmative tolerance'. This study concludes with some value considerations which are meant to question the necessity of affirmative tolerance in a constitutional regime, in first place, and to postulate, in second place, that the ethical-discursive basis of tolerance finds a more coherent derivation in the category of respect. (shrink)

Este artículo examina la moralidad de la interrupción del embarazo por razones médicas a la luz de la propuesta legislativa presentada en el año 2010 por los senadores Matthei y Rossi . Con esta finalidad, el autor distingue entre las patologías que afectan a la madre y aquellas que afectan al feto. A su vez, en el último caso se distinguen dos significados de la inviabilidad fetal: uno restringido y otro amplio. A juicio del autor, cada caso exige un análisis (...) moral diferente cuya solución no es homogénea. This article examines the morality of the interruption of pregnancy for medical reasons in light of the legislative proposal in 2010 by Senators Matthei and Rossi . To this end, the author distinguishes between diseases affecting the mother and those that affect the fetus. In turn, in the latter case the two meanings are distinguished fetus was not viable: restricted one and one broad. To the author, each case requires a different moral analysis whose solution is not homogeneous. (shrink)

O presente artigo discute a educação em direitos humanos tendo como base as contribuições de Luis Alberto Warat (1977, 1979, 2003, 2010). Este estudo de abordagem qualitativa se insere no campo das reflexões interdisciplinares, que procura analisar os sistemas jurídicos embasando-se, especialmente, nos campos da educação, da sociologia e da filosofia. A pesquisa se apropria de revisão de literatura para as categorias de análise destacadas. Trata-se de investigar a alteridade como uma capacidade de (des)construir o direito, a partir de uma (...) educação alicerçada no cuidado com o outro, produzindo, assim, um novo direito, caracterizado por um espaço de transformação coletiva. (shrink)

IntroductionThe objectives of this study are to assess and compare differences in the intensity, frequency, and overall severity of moral distress among a diverse group of healthcare professionals.MethodsParticipants from within Baylor Health Care System completed an online seven-point Likert scale (range, 0 to 6) moral distress survey containing nine core clinical scenarios and additional scenarios specific to each participant’s discipline. Higher scores reflected greater intensity and/or frequency of moral distress.ResultsMore than 2,700 healthcare professionals responded to the survey (response rate 18.14 (...) percent); survey respondents represented multiple healthcare disciplines across a variety of settings in a single healthcare system. Intensity of moral distress was high in all disciplines, although the causes of highest intensity varied by discipline. Mean moral distress intensity for the nine core scenarios was higher among physicians than nurses, but the mean moral distress frequency was higher among nurses. Taking into account both intensity and frequency, the difference in mean moral distress score was statistically significant among the various disciplines. Using post hoc analysis, differences were greatest between nurses and therapists.ConclusionsMoral distress has previously been described as a phenomenon predominantly among nursing professionals. This first-of-its-kind multidisciplinary study of moral distress suggests the phenomenon is significant across multiple professional healthcare disciplines. Healthcare professionals should be sensitive to situations that create moral distress for colleagues from other disciplines. Policy makers and administrators should explore options to lessen moral distress and professional burnout that frequently accompanies it. (shrink)

Se propone una reflexión sobre técnica y valores, particularmente sobre el valor de la técnica. Primero, en el sentido de la técnica como valor, un valor superlativo, puesto que permite lo más valioso para nuestra especie, su supervivencia. El proceso de realización de este valor produce, a su vez, el artefacto en que consiste la naturaleza humana. Ahora bien, el precio de ese valor técnico es asimismo superlativo, puesto que el vaciamiento técnico de la naturaleza comporta que la especie carezca (...) de valor natural: no hay valores naturales. Los valores hay que crearlos. He aquí el valor de la técnica en el sentido ahora del valor como técnica: valorar es asimismo una operación técnica. Los propios valores aparecen como técnicas, en cuanto tales contingentes y plurales, que no obedecen a ningún fundamento natural, sino a la decisión «insuficientemente» racional de emplearlas. Sin embargo, tal intrínseca artificialidad hace a los valores aún más valiosos. (shrink)

As well as Vico was the first and most persistent to understand myth as a contemporary phenomenon that, far of being in conflict with reason, is originally the instrument for escaping the loneliness of man against the mutism of a meaningless nature, Hans Blumenberg has been in our age who has spoken most forcefully for the rationality of mythical thought, doing it with arguments that the author finds very similar to Vico¿s ones. "Absolutism of reality", "absolute metaphor" and "principle of (...) insufficient reason", the three main elements, according to this reading, of Blumenberg¿s work, share with Vico the same metaphorical sensibility. (shrink)

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que la relación de Rorty con la tradición filosófica presenta muchos más matices de los que su reputación podría hacer creer. Se confrontan dos hechos: de un lado, el propósito rortiano de superar la tradición; de otro, la necesidad de la tradición para mantener la conversación, interés principal de la filosofía para Rorty. Por tanto, la relación de Rorty con la tradición es ambigua. Ahora bien, esa ambigüedad puede verse como no contradictoria: (...) Rorty no pretendió tanto ofrecer una argumentación alternativa a la de la tradición cuanto una alternativa a la argumentación de la tradición. Así, más que romper con la tradición, Rorty, a su modo, le da una oportunidad. ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to show that Rorty’s relationship with philosophical tradition has more nuances of meaning than his reputation might suggest. Two opposite facts are considered: on the one hand, Rorty’s intention to overcome tradition; on the other hand, the fact that there cannot be conversation, the main interest of philosophy for Rorty, without tradition. Rorty’s relationship to the philosophical tradition is, thus, ambiguous. Nevertheless, this ambiguity can be seen as not inconsistent. One reason might explain this fact: rather than an alternative argumentation to the traditional one, Rorty offered an alternative to the traditional argumentation. Therefore it makes more sense to read Rorty as giving the tradition a break rather than breaking with the tradition. (shrink)

Estudio desde las distintas perspectivas de comprensión de las políticas de vigilancia y control social de la vida al enfocar la actual pandemia. Se enfatiza que todas esas políticas se aplican hoy mediante las TIC, extendiendo el dominio digital sobre el mundo offline y transformando la pandemia en tecnopandemia. Así resultan todas ellas, biopolítica, teoría de la excepción y psicopolítica, conceptualmente superadas por la tecnopolítica. La tecnopolítica es la forma político-social de la vida onlife, la práctica de un poder infodémico, (...) que utiliza tecno-personas, que no son ni individuos ni tampoco sujetos políticos, para controlar y someter la vida offlife. (shrink)

La atención en la obra rortiana a la retórica como tal es mínima, por no decir nula. No hay en Rorty una Filosofía de la Retórica en el sentido objetivo del genitivo. Sin embargo, al romper explícitamente «el espejo de la naturaleza», Rorty está rompiendo implícitamente aquello que posibilitaba el divorcio entre la filosofía y la retórica. De hecho, el propósito de este ensayo es explicitar ese implícito presentando la filosofía rortiana como una Filosofía de la Retórica en el sentido (...) subjetivo del genitivo, es decir, como una Retórica de la Filosofía o una Retórica filosófica. (shrink)

I) Metaphysics of evidence, which most conspicuous expression is the Cartesian mathesis universalis, looks for the urgent and necessary, the fundament or foundation of things, which is regarded as independent of the form and accesible whithout asumptions to knowledge: rhetoric is the dispensable qualitas of philosophy. II) Vico¿s way of thinking, in opposition to that view, could be considered as its retorsion: by reveling its hidden presuppositions, refuses them. III) Vico¿s tropology, by proposing the tropical univocity, makes a rhetoric philosophy (...) and a philosophical rhetoric: rhetoric is the indispensable quidditas of philosophy. I) La metafísica de la evidencia, cuya más conspicua expresión es la mathesis universalis cartesiana, busca lo apremiante y necesario, el fundamento o fondo de las cosas, el cual se entiende independiente de la forma y alcanzable por un pensamiento sin supuestos: la retórica es la prescindible qualitas de la filosofía. II) La de Vico, por contra, puede considerarse como una retorsión de esa postura filosófica: al contribuir a desvelar sus supuestos ocultos, los niega. III) La tropología viquiana, al proponer la univocidad de los tropos, hace de la filosofía retórica y de la retórica filosofía: la retórica es la imprescindible quidditas de la filosofía . (shrink)

Se ensaya una filosofía de la risa en el doble sentido del genitivo. El objetivo es el habitual en la historia del pensamiento. La opinión común es la de considerar el humor como lo otro del pensamiento. Paradigmáticamente la filosofía, como metafísica, sería la posición intelectual agelasta por antonomasia: el grado cero del humor. Sin embargo, interpretado el genitivo en sentido subjetivo, la risa se muestra como pensamiento y el pensamiento como continuación de la risa mediante el cerebro como músculo (...) cigomático. Pensar y reír amplían la realidad. El sentido del humor revela ser quizá el sentido filosófico genuino. (shrink)

A Bibliographical and Critical Study of: New Vico Studies, XII, 1994; G. Vico, The Art of Rhetoric, G.A. Pinton & A.W. Shippee trans. - eds., Rodopi, Amsterdam - Atlanta, 1996.