Juxtaposing Cherríe Moraga's Loving in the War Years and Luce Irigaray's Speculum of the Other Woman, I explore the ways that sex and race intersect to complicate an Irigarayan account of the relations between mother and daughter. Irigaray's work is an effective tool for understanding the disruptive and potentially healing desire between mothers and daughters, but her insistence on sex as primary difference must be challenged in order to acknowledge the intersectionality of sex and race. Working from recent work on (...) the psychoanalysis of race, I argue that whiteness functions as a master signifier in its own right, and as a means of differentiation between the light-skinned Moraga and her brown-skinned mother. Irigaray's concept of blood deepens Moraga's account of her healing and subversive return to her mother. The juxtaposition of Moraga, Irigaray, and contemporary psychoanalysis of race can allow for a necessary revision of Irigaray's psychoanalysis that acknowledges the ways in which sexual difference is indexed by race and sheds new light on her account of the mother–daughter relation. (shrink)

Rebecca Tuvel’s controversial “In Defense of Transracialism” has been criticized for a lack of engagement with critical race theory. Disengagement with salient material on race is a consistent feature of the philosophical conversation out of which it arises. In this article, I trace the origins of feminist philosophy’s disengaged and distorted view of “transracialism” and racial passing through the work of Janice Raymond, Christine Overall, and Cressida Heyes, and consider some of the relevant work on passing that is omitted in (...) the philosophy of “transracialism.” Finally, I offer methodological suggestions to avoid such distortions and omissions in feminist philosophy. (shrink)

An interdisciplinary and contemporary response to Irigaray’s work.

Although race mixing is often treated as a marginal matter or a transgression against dominant racial logic, this article argues that mixed-race bodies and interracial sexuality are central to the invention of whiteness and the origin of the white settler state in several ways. Race mixing is at the foundation of the modern conception of race; at the material and political origin of the white settler state; and serves as the grounding against which cultural and legal categories of race are (...) articulated. The conceptual history of race looks to mixed-race bodies as the means to define race and delimit races. The colonization and economic success of the white settler state in the United States depended on mixed-race individuals who served as emissaries and interpreters, while interracial sexuality was central to the economy of slavery. Dominant conceptions of whiteness, and of the identity of the white settler state, rely on the scrutiny of mixed bodies as a means of racial demarcation. Mixed race histories and subjects are of central interest to studies of the invention of whiteness and processes of racialization. (shrink)

This volume is fourth in the series of annuals created under the auspices of The Association for Feminist Ethics and Social Theory (FEAST). The topics covered herein-from peacekeeping and terrorism, to sex trafficking and women's paid labor, to poverty and religious fundamentalism-are vital to women and to feminist movements throughout the world.

This volume is fourth in the series of annuals created under the auspices of The Association for Feminist Ethics and Social Theory . The topics covered herein_from peacekeeping and terrorism, to sex trafficking and women's paid labor, to poverty and religious fundamentalism_are vital to women and to feminist movements throughout the world.

Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have validated the major features of the double‐strand break repair (DSBR) model as an accurate representation of the pathway through which meiotic crossovers (COs) are produced. This success has led to this model being invoked to explain double‐strand break (DSB) repair in other contexts. However, most non‐crossover (NCO) recombinants generated during S. cerevisiae meiosis do not arise via a DSBR pathway. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that DSBR is a minor pathway for recombinational (...) repair of DSBs that occur in mitotically‐proliferating cells and that the synthesis‐dependent strand annealing (SDSA) model appears to describe mitotic DSB repair more accurately. Fundamental dissimilarities between meiotic and mitotic recombination are not unexpected, since meiotic recombination serves a very different purpose (accurate chromosome segregation, which requires COs) than mitotic recombination (repair of DNA damage, which typically generates NCOs). (shrink)

Irigaray raises the question of sexual difference. Yet there are moments at which Irigaray’s own pursuit of this question recapitulates the kind of universalism it is meant to combat. She remains ensconced in judgments that close down the attempt to think beyond sexual difference. The article pursues this line of thought particularly in relation to her figuring of Antigone, suggesting that there is a need to open up sexual difference so that it does not function as a universal discourse, but (...) is open to other kinds of difference, for example, racial difference. (shrink)

Drawing upon two independent national samples of 201 and 241 psychology graduate students, this article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of 4 Web-based student self-report scales tapping student socialization in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) with human participants. The Mentoring the Responsible Conduct of Research Scale (MRCR) is composed of 2 subscales assessing RCR instruction and modeling by research mentors. The 2 subscales of the RCR Department Climate Scale (RCR-DC) assess RCR department policies and faculty and student RCR (...) practices. The RCR Preparedness scale (RCR-P) and the RCR Field Integrity scale (RCR-FI) measure respectively students' confidence in their ability to conduct research responsibly and their belief in the RCR integrity of psychology as a discipline. Factor analysis, coefficient alphas, correlations, and multiple regression analyses demonstrated each of the scales had good internal consistency and concurrent and construct validity. (shrink)

Does hindsight knowledge make research seem more ethical and predictable? In line with the notion of hindsight bias, students in 3 experiments knowing the outcome of an animal experiment judged the results as more foreseeable and ethical relative to students who did not know the outcome. Via self to other comparisons, students evaluate themselves more favorably compared to a peer but exhibited hindsight bias in doing so. Uniquely, the findings reveal the possibility that students deem themselves to be more skeptical (...) and objective than their peers. Implications for teaching animal ethics and for Institutional Review Boards are discussed. (shrink)

Obesity is a public health problem in the United States. Experts have identified the regulation of food marketing as a policy strategy to address obesity and poor nutrition. However, the First Amendment can be a barrier to reducing exposure to problematic food marketing. In recent years, courts have become increasingly protective of speech, and particularly of “commercial speech,” or advertising, which can make it more difficult to regulate certain marketing practices.

Le lecteur moderne demeure dérouté par les ekphraseis de bâtiments des textes byzantins. Il est en effet difficile de les considérer comme des sources pour l'archéologie ou l'Histoire de l'art, et la recherche tend à leur égard à adopter deux approches : l'une, plutôt liée à l'Histoire et à l'Histoire de l'art, s'emploie à retrouver des éléments réels de bâtiments ou d'œuvres d'art dans ces textes ; l'autre, plutôt philologique, cherche à considérer ces textes en eux-mêmes pour leur valeur littéraire. (...) Serait-il cependant possible de chercher une voie médiane? Une voie qui accepterait qu'une part de l'étrangeté de ces textes, nécessairement due à la langue et à l'époque, le soit également parce que l'expérience de lecture entre Moyen Âge et époque moderne a radicalement changé. Il manquerait au lecteur moderne, non l'imagination, mais les mécanismes et les résultats de l'imagination médiévale. Les échos lexicaux et thématiques qui balisent le texte et qui en dessinent l'architecture en seraient la clef aboutiraient à un texte en 3D, c'est-à-dire une projection mentale de l'objet décrit non pas comme simple image donnée par l'information contenue dans le texte, mais comme image construite par la composition du discours. Ainsi, au fur et à mesure qu'un auteur décrit un bâtiment, le texte le construit en mots et in fine en a épousé la forme. (shrink)

ABSTRACTAnxiety and depression diagnoses are associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours. However, a categorical understanding of these associations limits insight into identifying dimensional mechanisms of suicide risk. This study investigated anxious and depressive features through a lens of suicide risk, independent of diagnosis. Latent class analysis of 97 depression, anxiety, and suicidality-related items among 616 psychiatric outpatients indicated a 3-class solution, specifically: a higher suicide-risk class uniquely differentiated from both other classes by high reported levels of depression and anxious arousal; (...) a lower suicide-risk class that reported levels of anxiety sensitivity and generalised worry comparable to Class 1, but lower levels of depression and anxious arousal; and a low to non-suicidal class that reported relatively low levels across all depression and anxiety measures. Discriminants of the higher suicide-risk class included borderline personality disorder; report... (shrink)

Sabrina Fortin | : La recherche sur les populations permet d’améliorer nos conditions de vie en identifiant les facteurs de risque attribuables aux liens entre l’environnement et certains déterminants socio-sanitaires. Elle nécessite de vastes échantillons qui proviendront souvent de renseignements personnels ou de matériel biologique déjà recueillis. Pour les utiliser, la règle générale veut qu’un consentement individuel soit obtenu. Cependant, dans la pratique, il est souvent impossible d’obtenir un tel consentement sans affecter la qualité et la capacité de généralisation (...) des résultats de recherche. Cette obligation de consentement est fondée sur la primauté de la personne et la dignité humaine, qui ont été intégrées dans le droit des personnes à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce principe fondamental a également été inséré au coeur de l’encadrement de la recherche scientifique. La philosophie personnaliste en serait à l’origine. Cet article, après avoir établi la provenance philosophique et historique du principe de dignité humaine, tente de rétablir un certain équilibre entre les intérêts individuels et collectifs impliqués dans la recherche populationnelle. | : According to this paper, personalist philosophy could be at the origin of the importance given to consent in an actual research normative framework. The obligation of consent is well established in Canadian law, but when the time comes to apply it to research on populations, which involves large number samples, it causes some impracticabilities. Access to personal data for populational research should be viewed as a common good contributing to improve life conditions. Hence, the collective interests generated by populational research should be better balanced against preferences and personal interests. (shrink)

Ce numéro de la revue CORPUS est consacré au domaine berbère, l’une des branches de la famille afro-asiatique, et en particulier à la constitution et aux usages de corpus en linguistique berbère. Certains aspects de la structure grammaticale des langues berbères ainsi que de leur diversité étant encore peu connus, l’objectif général de ce volume est de faire progresser notre connaissance de la (micro)variation dans la famille berbère. Tout d’abord, il importe de garder à l’esprit que les lang...

BackgroundWith the emergence of Brain Computer Interfaces, clinicians have been facing a new group of patients with severe acquired brain injury who are unable to show any behavioral sign of consciousness but respond to active neuroimaging or electrophysiological paradigms. However, even though well documented, there is still no consensus regarding the nomenclature for this clinical entity.ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to 1) identify the terms used to indicate the presence of this entity through the years, and 2) promote an informed discussion (...) regarding the rationale for these names and the best candidates to name this fascinating disorder.MethodsThe Disorders of Consciousness Special Interest Group of the International Brain Injury Association launched a search on Pubmed and Google scholar following PRISMA guidelines to collect peer-reviewed articles and reviews on human adults published in English between 2006 and 2021.ResultsThe search launched in January 2021 identified 4,089 potentially relevant titles. After screening, 1,126 abstracts were found relevant. Finally, 161 manuscripts were included in our analyses. Only 58% of the manuscripts used a specific name to discuss this clinical entity, among which 32% used several names interchangeably throughout the text. We found 25 different names given to this entity. The five following names were the ones the most frequently used: covert awareness, cognitive motor dissociation, functional locked-in, non-behavioral MCS and higher-order cortex motor dissociation.ConclusionSince 2006, there has been no agreement regarding the taxonomy to use for unresponsive patients who are able to respond to active neuroimaging or electrophysiological paradigms. Developing a standard taxonomy is an important goal for future research studies and clinical translation. We recommend a Delphi study in order to build such a consensus. (shrink)

L'article analyse Vinfluence des émotions et de la rhétorique dans le raisonnement pratique. Suivant Aristote, on souligne ici le rôle essentiel des émotions dans les décisions et les actions, mais il est extrêmement ambivalent. La première partie (I.) présente la relation problématique entre la philosophie et le raisonnement rationnel d'une part et la rhétorique et les émotions de Vautre. Ensuite on analysera les arguments d'Aristote dans sa Rhétorique contre (II) et pour (III.) l'excitation des émotions dans les discours politiques. La (...) dernière partie (IV.) suggère deux éléments de discussion: comment et pourquoi la conception aristotélicienne des émotions pourrait-elle apporter une contribution dans le débat contemporain sur les émotions ? Car, d'une part, celui-ci est marqué par l'approche cognitiviste qui néglige la dimension sociale des émotions.D'autre part, la thèse aristotélicienne remet en question notre conception J'animai rationale et engage une nouvelle appréciation de la composante émotionnelle de la nature humaine. The paper investigates the impact of emotion and rhetoric for practical reasoning. With regard to Aristotle's theory of emotion, it is argued for the thesis that the role of emotion is essential for acting and decision making, but highly ambivalent in character. The first part (I.) presents the thesis and discuss the problematic relationship between philosophy and rational reasoning on the one side and rhetoric and emotional arousal on the other. The next two parts analyse Aristotle's arguments presented in his Rhetoric against (II.) and for (III.) arousal of emotions in political speech. The last part (IV.) outlines two arguments : how and why the Aristotelian account of emotion can add to contemporary philosophical discussion of emotions ? First, as the current debate on emotion is strongly shaped by a cognitivistic approach focusing on the cognitive requisites of emotion, the Aristotelian theory brings back in the political and social dimension of emotion, which has been neglected in current research. Second, the Aristotelian account of emotion challenges our self-conception as animal rationale and requires a reevaluation and recognition of the emotional components of human nature. (shrink)

Le lecteur moderne demeure dérouté par les ekphraseis de bâtiments des textes byzantins. Il est en effet difficile de les considérer comme des sources pour l'archéologie ou l'Histoire de l'art, et la recherche tend à leur égard à adopter deux approches : l'une, plutôt liée à l'Histoire et à l'Histoire de l'art, s'emploie à retrouver des éléments réels de bâtiments ou d'œuvres d'art dans ces textes ; l'autre, plutôt philologique, cherche à considérer ces textes en eux-mêmes pour leur valeur littéraire. (...) Serait-il cependant possible de chercher une voie médiane? Une voie qui accepterait qu'une part de l'étrangeté de ces textes, nécessairement due à la langue et à l'époque, le soit également parce que l'expérience de lecture entre Moyen Âge et époque moderne a radicalement changé. Il manquerait au lecteur moderne, non l'imagination, mais les mécanismes et les résultats de l'imagination médiévale. Les échos lexicaux et thématiques qui balisent le texte et qui en dessinent l'architecture en seraient la clef aboutiraient à un texte en 3D (trois dimensions), c'est-à-dire une projection mentale de l'objet décrit non pas comme simple image donnée par l'information contenue dans le texte, mais comme image construite par la composition du discours. Ainsi, au fur et à mesure qu'un auteur décrit un bâtiment, le texte le (re)construit en mots et in fine en a épousé la forme. (shrink)

L ’ article analyse l ’ influence des émotions et de la rhétorique dans le raisonnement pratique. Suivant Aristote, on souligne ici le rôle essentiel des émotions dans les décisions et les actions, mais il est extrêmement ambivalent. La première partie (I.) présente la relation problématique entre la philosophie et le raisonnement rationnel d ’ une part et la rhétorique et les émotions de l ’ autre. Ensuite on analysera les arguments d ’ Aristote dans sa Rhétorique contre (II.) et (...) pour (III.) l ’ excitation des émotions dans les discours politiques. La dernière partie (IV.) suggère deux éléments de discussion : comment et pourquoi la conception aristotélicienne des émotions pourrait-elle apporter une contribution dans le débat contemporain sur les émotions? Car, d ’ une part, celui-ci est marqué par l ’ approche cognitiviste qui néglige la dimension sociale des émotions. D ’ autre part, la thèse aristotélicienne remet en question notre conception d ’animal rationale et engage une nouvelle appréciation de la composante émotionnelle de la nature humaine. (shrink)

The paper focuses on Rufinus’ translation of Eusebius’ Historia Ecclesiastica 1, 1-3, which discusses trinitarian and christological matters. Firstly, I will analyze how Rufinus amends or removes statements which are close to Origenism and Arianism, sometimes replacing them with orthodox ones; I will then examine Rufinus’ way of citing and interpreting the Bible, by correcting Eusebius’ reading, when it is suspected of heresy, or by explaining passages himself. This work of emendation reveals, on the one hand, Rufinus’ desire to give (...) the readers a text which fits perfectly with the nicen-constantinopolitan creed, and, on the other hand, his aim of protecting himself from accusations. (shrink)

Les accords de libre-échange, qu’il s’agisse des accords multilatéraux de l’OMC ou des accords bilatéraux de nouvelle génération, ne portent pas atteinte, en principe, au droit des parties contractantes de fixer, à travers leur réglementation nationale, leur propre niveau de protection de la santé, de l’environnement ou encore des consommateurs. Ce droit comprend logiquement le droit d’adopter des mesures restrictives du commerce sur le fondement de la précaution. Pourtant, en pratique, les accords de libre-échange imposent une forme de gouvernance réglementaire (...) – fondée sur une rationalité strictement économique – qui vient limiter les possibilités de faire valoir certaines approches de précaution dans les relations commerciales internationales. Cela apparaît tout particulièrement à travers l’examen, dans les accords de libre-échange conclu par l’Union européenne, des mécanismes applicables aux mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires et des disciplines commerciales relatives à la coopération réglementaire. (shrink)

Résumé : L’actuel programme d’« Histoire et éducation à la citoyenneté » pour le 2e cycle du secondaire, portant sur l’histoire du Québec, a suscité depuis 2006 de nombreux commentaires dans les milieux intellectuels en raison de son contenu. Certains affirment que la transmission des grands événements historiques qui structurent la mémoire collective ou nationale y est inexistante, d’autres soutiennent qu’il doit favoriser le développement des compétences critiques et citoyennes, donc, l’autonomie de l’élève face à la mémoire collective ou nationale. (...) Quelle position les enseignants du secondaire occupent-ils dans ce débat ? Il est possible de le découvrir par l’entremise de la perception qu’ils se font du programme et de ses trois compétences. Abstract: The current program «History and Citizenship Education» for the second cycle of secondary education, on the Quebec history, raised many comments in intellectual circles because of its content since 2006. Some argue that the transmission of major historical events that shape the collective or national memory is non-existent, others argue that it should promote the development of critical thinking and citizenship skills, thus the autonomy of the student facing the memory collective or national. What position secondary teachers do they have in this debate? It’s findable out through the teachers perceptions about program and its three skills. (shrink)

RONQUILLO C, BOSCHMA G, WONG ST and QUINEY L. Nursing Inquiry 2011; 18: 262–275Beyond greener pastures: exploring contexts surrounding Filipino nurse migration in Canada through oral historyThe history of immigrant Filipino nurses in Canada has received little attention, yet Canada is a major receiving country of a growing number of Filipino migrants and incorporates Filipino immigrant nurses into its healthcare workforce at a steady rate. This study aims to look beyond the traditional economic and policy analysis perspectives of global migration (...) and beyond the push and pull factors commonly discussed in the migration literature. Through oral history, this study explores biographical histories of nine Filipino immigrant nurses currently working in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Narratives reveal the instrumental role of the deeply embedded culture of migration in the Philippines in influencing Filipino nurses to migrate. Additionally, the stories illustrate the weight of cultural pressures and societal constructs these nurses faced that first colored their decision to pursue a career in nursing and ultimately to pursue emigration. Oral history is a powerful tool for examining migration history and sheds light on nuances of experience that might otherwise be neglected. This study explores the complex connections between various factors motivating Filipino nurse migration, the decision-making process, and other pre-migration experiences. (shrink)

Kruskal proved that finite trees are well-quasi-ordered by hom(e)omorphic embeddability. Friedman observed that this statement is not provable in predicative analysis. Friedman also proposed (see in [Simpson]) some stronger variants of the Kruskal theorem dealing with finite labeled trees under home(e)omorphic embeddability with a certain gap-condition, where labels are arbitrary finite ordinals from a fixed initial segment of ω. The corresponding limit statement, expressing that for all initial segments of ω these labeled trees are well-quasi-ordered, is provable in Π 1 (...) 1 -CA, but not in the analogous theory Π 1 1 -CA 0 with induction restricted to sets. Schutte and Simpson proved that the one-dimensional case of Friedman's limit statement dealing with finite labeled intervals is not provable in Peano arithmetic. However, Friedman's gap-condition fails for finite trees labeled with transfinite ordinals. In [Gordeev 1] I proposed another gap-condition and proved the resulting one-dimensional modified statements for all (countable) transfinite ordinal-labels. The corresponding universal modified one-dimensional statement UM 1 is provable in (in fact, is equivalent to) the familiar theory ATR 0 whose proof-theoretic ordinal is Γ 0 . In [Gordeev 1] I also announced that, in the general case of arbitrarily-branching finite trees labeled with transfinite ordinals, in the proof-theoretic sense the hierarchy of the limit modified statements $\mathbf{M}_{ (which are denoted by LM λ in the present note) is as strong as the hierarchy of the familiar theories of iterated inductive definitions (more precisely, see [Gordeev 1, Concluding Remark 3]). In this note I present a "positive" proof of the full universal modified statement UM, together with a short proof of the crucial "reverse" results which is based on Okada's interpretation of the well-established ordinal notations of Buchholz corresponding to the theories of iterated inductive definitions. Formally the results are summarized in $\S5$ below. (shrink)

A broad exploration of Irigaray’s philosophy of life and living. Featuring a highly accessible essay from Irigaray herself, this volume explores her philosophy of life and living. Life-thinking, an important contemporary trend in philosophy and in women’s and gender studies, stands in contrast to philosophy’s traditional grounding in death, exemplified in the work of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Schopenhauer. The contributors to Thinking Life with Luce Irigaray consider Irigaray’s criticisms of the traditional Western philosophy of death, including its (...) either-or dualisms and binary logic, as well as some of Irigaray’s “solutions” for cultivating life. The book is comprehensive in its analyses of Irigaray’s relationship to classical and contemporary philosophers, writers, and artists, and produces extremely fruitful intersections between Irigaray and figures as diverse as Homer and Plato; Alexis Wright, the First-Nations novelist of Australia; and twentieth-century French philosophers like Sartre, Badiou, Deleuze, and Guattari. It also develops Irigaray’s relationship to the arts, with essays on theater, poetry, architecture, sculpture, and film. “This is a very timely text; it places Irigaray scholarship in conversation with the lively field of feminist philosophies of life, and this is a really wonderful, fruitful match. The collection itself contains many marvelous pieces. Luce Irigaray’s essay is strong and pithy—she reiterates a number of her important ideas, in accessible language, and places them in the context of pertinent questions in feminism.” — Sabrina L. Hom, coeditor of Thinking with Irigaray. (shrink)

The most common approach to understanding the semantics of the concept of pain is third-person thought experiments. By contrast, the most frequent and most relevant uses of the folk concept of pain are from a first-person perspective in conversational settings. In this paper, we use a set of linguistic tools to systematically explore the semantics of what people communicate when reporting pain from a first-person perspective. Our results suggest that only a pluralistic view can do justice to the way we (...) talk about pain from a first-person perspective: The semantic content of the folk concept of pain consists of information about both an unpleasant feeling and a disruptive bodily state. Pain linguistics thus provides new insights into ordinary pain language and poses an interesting challenge to the dominant unitary views of pain. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous examinons les constructions interrogatives portant sur un groupe prépositionnel dans un réseau de 10 points d’enquête en Kabylie. Certaines de ces constructions sont caractérisées par la préfixation de la préposition (P) sur le complémenteur (C). Nous mettons en évidence que si, dans une construction interrogative portant sur un complément prépositionnel, C est spécifié par un constituant interrogatif, alors C ne porte pas de P préfixée. Si C est spécifié par un constituant non interrogatif ou bien si (...) le spécificateur de C n’est pas réalisé morphologiquement, alors C est préfixé par P. Cet article fait partie d’un projet plus large portant sur la phonologie, la morphologie et la syntaxe des groupes prépositionnels dans différentes variétés du taqbaylit. (shrink)

Extant research provides compelling conceptual and empirical arguments that company-external as well as company-internal CSR efforts positively affect employees, but does so largely in studies assessing effects from the two CSR types independently of each other. In contrast, this paper investigates external–internal CSR jointly, examining the effects of consistent external–internal CSR strategies on employee attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. The research takes a social and moral identification theory view and advances the core hypothesis that inconsistent CSR strategies, defined as favoring external (...) over internal stakeholders, trigger employees’ perceptions of corporate hypocrisy which, in turn, lead to emotional exhaustion and turnover. In Study 1, a cross-industry employee survey indicates that inconsistent CSR strategies with larger external than internal efforts increase employees’ turnover intentions via perceived corporate hypocrisy and emotional exhaustion. In Study 2, a multi-source secondary dataset demonstrates that inconsistent CSR strategies increase firms’ actual employee turnover. Combined, the two studies demonstrate the importance of taking into account the interests of both external and internal stakeholders of the firm when researching and managing CSR. (shrink)

Racial epithets are derogatory expressions, understood to convey contempt toward their targets. But what do they actually mean, if anything? While the prevailing view is that epithets are to be explained pragmatically, I argue that a careful consideration of the data strongly supports a particular semantic theory. I call this view Combinatorial Externalism. CE holds that epithets express complex properties that are determined by the discriminatory practices and stereotypes of their corresponding racist institutions. Depending on the character of the institution, (...) the complex semantic value can be composed of a variety of components. The account has significant implications on theoretical, as well as, practical dimensions, providing new arguments against radical contextualism, and for the exclusion of certain epithets from First Amendment speech protection. (shrink)

Winner, 2020 Body and Embodiment Best Publication Award, given by the American Sociological Association Honorable Mention, 2020 Sociology of Sex and Gender Distinguished Book Award, given by the American Sociological Association How the female body has been racialized for over two hundred years There is an obesity epidemic in this country and poor Black women are particularly stigmatized as “diseased” and a burden on the public health care system. This is only the most recent incarnation of the fear of fat (...) Black women, which Sabrina Strings shows took root more than two hundred years ago. Strings weaves together an eye-opening historical narrative ranging from the Renaissance to the current moment, analyzing important works of art, newspaper and magazine articles, and scientific literature and medical journals—where fat bodies were once praised—showing that fat phobia, as it relates to Black women, did not originate with medical findings, but with the Enlightenment era belief that fatness was evidence of “savagery” and racial inferiority. The author argues that the contemporary ideal of slenderness is, at its very core, racialized and racist. Indeed, it was not until the early twentieth century, when racialized attitudes against fatness were already entrenched in the culture, that the medical establishment began its crusade against obesity. An important and original work, Fearing the Black Body argues convincingly that fat phobia isn’t about health at all, but rather a means of using the body to validate race, class, and gender prejudice. (shrink)

Food poverty and food waste are two major contemporary food system problems, which have gained prominence amongst both scholars and policy-makers, due to recent economic and environmental concerns. In this context, the culturally dominant perspective portrays charitable food redistribution as a “win–win solution” to confront food poverty and food waste in affluent societies, although this view is contested by many scholars. This paper applies the notions of framings and flat/sharp keyings to unpack the different narratives entailed by public discourses on (...) food waste and food poverty in Italy. The aim is to problematize the representation of the recent anti-waste/pro-donations law as the optimal policy measure to effectively rectify both food poverty and food waste. The paper argues that the widespread public support for the law reflects the interpretation of charitable food redistribution as a consensus frame, standing for the convergence between flat positions and is reinforced by confusion on terms and responsibilities. Indeed, the strength of the law lies in the capacity to reconcile different positions and bring actors together around a short-term objective, whose foundations have deep roots in the common ethics. However, if the debate is to be moved forward, trade-offs between different framings of problems at stake should be explicitly navigated when designing policy instruments. (shrink)

This article describes the results of qualitative research into the moral issues faced by social work professionals working in projects targeted at teenage mothers. The research is part of the tradition of empirical and practice-driven ethics. The main questions were: How does morality become visible in the social services for teenage mothers and how do social workers deal with the moral dimension of their work? (How) can education, training and peer review offer space for moral reflection? Interviews and group meetings (...) ('focus groups') were held to answer these questions. Nineteen professionals (front-line professionals as well as professionals in executive roles) participated in the research. The findings describe the moral issues and the moral actions of professionals and the organizational context respectively. The results reveal that the everyday practice of social work professionals can raise complex issues inherent to their work and that there is often no explicit reflection on the moral dimension of these issues. The authors argue that there needs to be greater focus on the complexity of moral issues and elaborate on three dimensions of this complexity. (shrink)